Mary Hausbeck, Keʻena o nā mea kanu a me ka lepo a me nā ʻepekema Microbial, Michigan State University-Iulai 23, 2014
Ua hōʻoia ka mokuʻāina ʻo Michigan i ka maʻi malū ma luna o nā aniani.Ma Michigan, loaʻa kēia maʻi i kēlā me kēia ʻekolu a ʻehā makahiki.He maʻi pōʻino loa kēia no ka mea inā ʻaʻole mālama ʻia, hiki ke mahuahua koke a laha ma ka ʻāina ulu.
Ma muli o ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka pathogen Peronospora, hiki ke hoʻopau i nā mea kanu i ka wā mua.Hoʻopili mua ia i nā lau mua a ʻike ʻia i ke kakahiaka nui o ke kau ʻole.Hiki ke ulu e like me ka ulu ʻāhinahina-ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula me nā kiko lohi haʻahaʻa.ʻO nā lau i maʻi ʻia e lilo i ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo a laila melemele, a hiki ke pelu a pelu ʻia.He poni-ʻulaʻula paha ka ʻeha.ʻO nā lau i hoʻopilikia ʻia e lilo i ʻōmaʻomaʻo mua, a laila melemele, a hiki ke pelu a hāʻule.ʻIke maikaʻi ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi ke ʻike ʻia ka hau i ke kakahiaka.
ʻO ka make mua ʻana o nā lau aniani e hōʻemi i ka nui o ka ʻōpuʻu.Hiki ke ma'i ma ke 'ano, a lilo nā pu'upu'u i mālama 'ia i palupalu, wrinkled, wai a me ka amber.E ulu mua nā ʻōpuʻu asymptomatic a hana i nā lau ʻōmaʻomaʻo māmā.Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka puʻupuʻu e nā pathogen bacteria lua, e pohō ai.
Hoʻomaka nā pathogens downy mildew e maʻi i nā mahana anuanu, ma lalo o 72 degere Fahrenheit, a ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa.Nui paha nā pōʻaiapili maʻi i hoʻokahi kau.Hana ʻia nā spores i ka pō a hiki ke puhi maʻalahi i kahi mamao ma ka ea haʻahaʻa.Ke 50 a 54 F ka mahana, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoulu i ka ʻiʻo ʻonika i hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua a ʻehiku mau hola.ʻO ka wela kiʻekiʻe i ke ao a me ka haʻahaʻa pōkole a i ʻole ka manawa pōkole i ka pō e pale i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o spore.
Hiki ke hana ʻia nā spores overwintering, i kapa ʻia ʻo oospores, i loko o nā ʻiʻo mea kanu e make ana a hiki ke loaʻa i loko o nā aniani manawaleʻa, nā puʻupuʻu ʻuala, a me nā ʻōpala i mālama ʻia.He pā mānoanoa ko nā spores a me kahi lako meaʻai i kūkulu ʻia, no laila hiki iā lākou ke pale i nā mahana hoʻoilo maikaʻi ʻole a ola i ka lepo a hiki i ʻelima mau makahiki.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka Purpura e ka haʻuki Alternaria alternata, kahi maʻi lau ʻakaʻaka maʻamau ma Michigan.Hōʻike mua ia ma ke ʻano he liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai a ulu wikiwiki a lilo i kikowaena keʻokeʻo.I ko mākou mau makahiki, e lilo ka lesion i ʻeleʻele i poni, i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā wahi melemele.E hui pū nā ʻōpala, e hoʻopaʻa i nā lau, a e emi iho ka piko.I kekahi manawa, lilo ka ʻōpuʻu o ka puʻupuʻu i ka maʻi ma ka ʻāʻī a i ʻole ka ʻeha.
Ma lalo o ka pōʻai o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hiki ke hana pinepine ʻia nā spores i ka lesion.Inā loaʻa ka wai kaʻawale, hiki i nā spores ke ulu i loko o 45-60 mau minuke ma 82-97 F. Hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia nā spores ma hope o 15 mau hola ke ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o 90% a i like paha, a hiki ke hoʻolaha ʻia e ka makani, ka ua, a me ka ua. irrigation.ʻO ka mahana he 43-93 F, a ʻo ka mahana maikaʻi loa he 77 F, kahi kūpono i ka ulu ʻana o nā haʻi.ʻO nā lau ʻōpio a me nā lau ʻōpio i hōʻino ʻia e ka onion thrips ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi i ka maʻi.
E ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona i hoʻokahi a i ʻehā lā ma hope o ka maʻi, a ʻike ʻia nā spores hou i ka lā ʻelima.Hiki i nā kiko ʻulaʻula ke hoʻopau koke i nā hua ʻonika, hōʻino i ka maikaʻi o ka puʻupuʻu, a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka pala i kumu ʻia e nā pathogen bacteria.Hiki i ka pathogen kiko poni ke ola i ka hoʻoilo ma luna o ke kaula fungal (mycelium) i loko o nā ʻāpana aniani.
Ke koho ʻana i kahi biocide, e ʻoluʻolu e hoʻololi i waena o nā huahana me nā ʻano hana like ʻole (FRAC code).Hōʻike ka papa ma lalo nei i nā huahana i hōʻailona ʻia no ka ʻeleʻele haʻahaʻa a me nā kiko ʻulaʻula ma nā aniani ma Michigan.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Michigan State University extension e hoʻomanaʻo i nā lepili pesticide he palapala kānāwai e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides.E heluhelu i nā lepili, e like me ka loli pinepine ʻana, a e hahai pololei i nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi.
* Ke keleawe: badge SC, huahana champion, N helu keleawe, huahana Kocide, Nu-Cop 3L, Cuprofix hyperdispersant
*ʻAʻole i hōʻailona ʻia kēia mau huahana a pau me ka ʻeleʻele a me nā kiko poni;Manaʻo nui ʻia ʻo DM no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka maʻi palu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o PB no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā kiko poni