ʻO nā nematodes ka nui o nā holoholona multicellular ma ka honua, a aia nā nematodes ma nā wahi a pau he wai ma ka honua.Ma waena o lākou, kanu nā nematodes parasitic i ka 10%, a ke hoʻopilikia nei lākou i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu ma o ka parasitism, ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu nui e hoʻolilo ai i nā poho waiwai nui i ka mahiʻai a me ka ulu lāʻau.I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kahua, huikau maʻalahi nā maʻi nematode lepo me ka hemahema o ka element, ka maʻi kanesa aʻa, clubroot, etc.Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻeha aʻa i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hānai ʻana i nā nematode e hāʻawi i nā manawa kūpono no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka lepo e like me ka maʻi bacterial, blight, pala aʻa, damping-off, a me ka canker, ka hopena i nā maʻi hui a hoʻonui hou i ka paʻakikī o ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana.

Wahi a kahi hōʻike, ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pohō o ka hoʻokele waiwai ma muli o ka pōʻino nematode e like me 157 biliona kālā ʻAmelika, kahi e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pōʻino o nā pepeke.ʻO 1/10 o ka māhele mākeke lāʻau, aia nō kahi ākea nui.Ma lalo iho nei kekahi o nā huahana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka mālama ʻana i nā nematodes..

1.1 Fosthiazate

ʻO ka Fosthiazate kahi nematicide organophosphorus nona ka hana nui o ka hana ʻana e kāohi i ka synthesis o acetylcholinesterase o nā nematodes root-knot.Loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai ʻōnaehana a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e kāohi i nā ʻano nematodes root-knot.Mai ka hoʻomohala ʻana a hana ʻia ʻo Thiazophosphine e Ishihara, Iapana ma 1991, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ia ma nā ʻāina a me nā wahi e like me ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.Mai ke komo ʻana i Kina i ka makahiki 2002, ua lilo ka fosthiazate i mea waiwai nui no ka mālama ʻana i nā nematodes lepo ma Kina ma muli o kona hopena maikaʻi a me ka hana kiʻekiʻe.Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka huahana nui no ka mālama ʻana i ka nematode lepo i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.Wahi a ka ʻikepili mai ka China Pesticide Information Network, ma Ianuali 2022, aia he 12 mau hui kūloko i hoʻopaʻa inoa i nā ʻenehana fosthiazate, a me 158 hoʻomākaukau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, e pili ana i nā formulations e like me ka emulsifiable concentrate, wai-emulsion, microemulsion, granule, a me microcapsule.ʻO ka mea hoʻokuʻu, ka mea hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ka mea hoʻohui i ka abamectin.

Hoʻohana ʻia ka Fosthiazate me ka amino-oligosacchariins, alginic acid, amino acids, humic acids, etc., nona nā hana o ka mulching, hoʻoulu i nā aʻa a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka lepo.E lilo ia i alakaʻi koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana i ka wā e hiki mai ana.Nā haʻawina na Zheng Huo et al.ua hōʻike i ka nematicide i hui pū ʻia me ka thiazophosphine a me ka amino-oligosaccharidins he hopena maikaʻi i ka citrus nematodes, a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa maikaʻi i nā nematodes i loko a ma ka lepo rhizosphere o ka citrus, me ka hopena mana o ka 80%.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka thiazophosphine a me ka amino-oligosaccharin hoʻokahi, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena i ka ulu aʻa a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka lāʻau.

1.2 Abamectin

ʻO Abamectin kahi hui lactone macrocyclic me nā hana insecticidal, acaricidal a me nematicidal, a hoʻokō i ke kumu o ka pepehi ʻana ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā iniseti e hoʻokuʻu i ka γ-aminobutyric acid.Hoʻopau ʻo Abamectin i nā nematodes i ka rhizosphere hua a me ka lepo ma o ka pepehi ʻana i ka pilina.Ma Ianuali 2022, ʻo ka nui o nā huahana abamectin i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma kahi o 1,900, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā nematodes.I waena o lākou, ʻo ka hui ʻana o ka abamectin a me ka thiazophosphine ua loaʻa i nā pono hoʻohui a ua lilo i alakaʻi hoʻomohala koʻikoʻi.

Ma waena o nā huahana abamectin he nui, ʻo ka mea e pono e nānā ʻia ʻo ia ka abamectin B2.Aia ʻo Abamectin B2 i ʻelua mau mea nui e like me B2a a me B2b, ʻoi aku ka nui o B2a / B2b ma mua o 25, noho ʻo B2a i ka ʻike nui loa, ʻo B2b ka trace nui, B2 ka mea ʻawaʻawa a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa, ʻoi aku ka ʻawaʻawa ma mua o B1, hoʻemi ʻia ka ʻona. , a ʻoi aku ka palekana a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana.

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻāʻo ʻana ʻo B2, ma ke ʻano he huahana hou o ka abamectin, he nematicide maikaʻi loa, a ʻokoʻa kona spectrum insecticidal mai ko B1.He ikaika loa nā nematodes kanu a loaʻa i ka mākeke ākea.

1.3 Fluopyram

ʻO Fluopyram kahi hui me kahi hana hou o ka hana i hoʻomohala ʻia e Bayer Crop Science, hiki ke koho koho i ka paʻakikī II o ke kaulahao hanu i loko o ka nematode mitochondria, ka hopena i ka hoʻopau wikiwiki ʻana o ka ikehu i loko o nā cell nematode.Hōʻike ʻo Fluopyram i ka neʻe ʻokoʻa o ka lepo ma mua o nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe, a hiki ke puʻunaue mālie a me ke kaulike i ka rhizosphere, e pale ana i ka ʻōnaehana kumu mai ka maʻi nematode me ka maikaʻi a no ka manawa lōʻihi.

1.4 Tluazaindorizine

ʻO Tluazaindolizine kahi pyridimidazole amide (a i ʻole sulfonamide) non-fumigant nematicide i hoʻomohala ʻia e Corteva, i hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea kanu, nā lāʻau huaʻai, nā ʻuala, nā ʻuala, nā hua waina, nā citrus, nā ʻumeke, nā lau nahele, nā hua pōhaku, ka paka, a me nā mea kanu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. e hoʻomalu i nā nematodes aʻa paka, nā nematodes ʻuala, nā nematodes soybean cyst, nā nematodes paheʻe strawberry, nā nematodes lāʻau pine, nā nematodes palaoa a me nā nematodes pōkole (root rot), etc.

Hōʻuluʻulu

ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka nematode he kaua lōʻihi.I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole pono ka mana o ka nematode e hilinaʻi i ka hakakā pākahi.Pono e hana i kahi hoʻoponopono pale a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pale o nā mea kanu, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka lepo, ka meaʻai mea kanu, a me ka hoʻokele mahina.I ka wā pōkole, ʻo ka hoʻomalu kemika ʻo ia ke ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokele nematode me nā hopena wikiwiki a maikaʻi;i ka wā lōʻihi, e hoʻokō ka hoʻokele olaola i ka ulu wikiwiki.ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano pesticide hou o ka nematicides, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pae o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana, ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hana kūʻai aku, a me ka hana maikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kōkua synergistic ka mea nui o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia kūʻē o kekahi mau ʻano nematicide.