Iinematodes zezona zilwanyana zininzi emhlabeni, kwaye iinematodes zikhona naphi na apho kukho amanzi emhlabeni.Phakathi kwazo, i-plant parasitic nematodes yenza i-10%, kwaye ibangela ingozi ekukhuleni kwezityalo ngokusebenzisa i-parasitism, enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo ezibangela ilahleko enkulu yezoqoqosho kwezolimo kunye namahlathi.Ekuxilongweni kwentsimi, izifo ze-nematode zomhlaba zibhidaniswa ngokulula kunye nokunqongophala kwezinto, umhlaza weengcambu, i-clubroot, njl., ekhokelela ekuxilongeni kakubi okanye ulawulo olungalindelekanga.Ukongeza, amanxeba eengcambu abangelwa kukutya kwenematode anika amathuba okuba kubekho izifo ezithwalwa ngumhlaba ezifana nebhaktiriya wilt, blight, root rot, damping-off, and canker, nto leyo ebangela ukosuleleka okuxandileyo kwaye kwandise ngakumbi ubunzima bothintelo nolawulo.

Ngokutsho kwengxelo, kwihlabathi jikelele, ilahleko yezoqoqosho yonyaka ebangelwa ngumonakalo we-nematode iphezulu njenge-157 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika, ezinokuthelekiswa nomonakalo wezinambuzane.I-1/10 yesabelo semarike yeziyobisi, kusekho indawo enkulu.Apha ngezantsi kukho ezinye zeemveliso ezisebenzayo ngakumbi zokunyanga i-nematodes.

1.1 Fosthiazate

I-Fosthiazate yi-organophosphorus nematicide esona sixhobo siphambili sokusebenza ikukuthintela ukudityaniswa kwe-acetylcholinesterase ye-root-knot nematodes.Ineempawu zenkqubo kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukulawula iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-root-knot nematodes.Ekubeni i-Thiazophosphine yaphuhliswa kwaye yaveliswa ngu-Ishihara, eJapan ngo-1991, ibhaliswe kumazwe amaninzi nakwimimandla efana neYurophu kunye ne-United States.Ukususela ekungeneni kwe-China ngo-2002, i-fosthiazate ibe yimveliso ebalulekileyo yokulawula i-nematodes yomhlaba e-China ngenxa yesiphumo sayo esihle kunye nokusebenza kweendleko eziphezulu.Kulindeleke ukuba ihlale iyimveliso ephambili yolawulo lwenematode yomhlaba kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo.Ngokutsho kwedatha evela kwi-China Pesticide Information Network, ukususela ngoJanuwari 2022, kukho iinkampani ze-12 zasekhaya ezibhalise ubuchwephesha be-fosthiazate, kunye namalungiselelo abhalisiweyo angama-158, abandakanya ukuqulunqwa okufana ne-emulsifiable concentrate, i-emulsion yamanzi, i-microemulsion, i-granule, kunye ne-microcapsule.I-arhente yokuxhoma, i-ejenti enyibilikayo, into ehlanganisiweyo ikakhulu yi-abamectin.

I-Fosthiazate isetyenziswe ngokudibanisa ne-amino-oligosaccharins, i-alginic acid, i-amino acids, i-humic acids, njl., ezinemisebenzi yokugquma, ukukhuthaza iingcambu kunye nokuphucula umhlaba.Iya kuba ngumkhombandlela obalulekileyo wophuhliso lweshishini kwixesha elizayo.Izifundo nguZheng Huo et al.baye babonisa ukuba i-nematicide ehlanganiswe ne-thiazophosphine kunye ne-amino-oligosaccharidins inefuthe elihle lokulawula kwi-citrus nematodes, kwaye inokuthintela ngokufanelekileyo i-nematodes kumhlaba we-rhizosphere ye-citrus, kunye nempembelelo yokulawula ngaphezu kwe-80%.Ingaphezulu kwe-thiazophosphine kunye ne-amino-oligosaccharin i-agent enye, kwaye ineempembelelo ezingcono ekukhuleni kweengcambu kunye nokubuyisela amandla omthi.

1.2 Abamectin

I-Abamectin i-macrocyclic lactone compound kunye ne-insecticidal, i-acaricidal kunye nemisebenzi ye-nematicidal, kwaye ifezekisa injongo yokubulala ngokuvuselela izinambuzane ukukhulula i-γ-aminobutyric acid.I-Abamectin ibulala i-nematodes kwi-rhizosphere yezityalo kunye nomhlaba ikakhulu ngokubulala ukudibana.Ukusukela ngoJanuwari ka-2022, inani leemveliso ze-abamectin ezibhalisiweyo ekhaya limalunga ne-1,900, kwaye ngaphezu kwe-100 zibhaliselwe ukulawula iinematodes.Phakathi kwazo, ukudityaniswa kwe-abamectin kunye ne-thiazophosphine kuzuze uncedo oluhambelanayo kwaye ibe lukhokelo lophuhliso olubalulekileyo.

Phakathi kweemveliso ezininzi ze-abamectin, enye ekufuneka igxininiswe kuyo yi-abamectin B2.I-Abamectin B2 ibandakanya izinto ezimbini eziphambili ezifana ne-B2a kunye ne-B2b, i-B2a/B2b inkulu kune-25, i-B2a ithatha owona mxholo ugqwesileyo, i-B2b yi-trace amount, i-B2 iyonke iyityhefu kwaye inetyhefu, ubutyhefu bungaphantsi kwe-B1, ubuthi buyancipha. , kwaye ukusetyenziswa kukhuselekile kwaye kuhambelana nokusingqongileyo.

Uvavanyo lubonise ukuba i-B2, njengemveliso entsha ye-abamectin, yeyona igqwesileyo ye-nematicide, kwaye i-spectrum yayo ye-insecticidal yahlukile kuleyo ye-B1.Izityalo ezinematodes zisebenza kakhulu kwaye zinethemba elibanzi lemarike.

1.3 Fluopyram

I-Fluopyram yikhompawundi enendlela entsha yokusebenza ephuhliswe yi-Bayer Crop Science, enokuthi ithintele ngokukhethayo i-complex ye-II yekhonkco lokuphefumla kwi-nematode mitochondria, okukhokelela ekuphelisweni kwamandla ngokukhawuleza kwiiseli ze-nematode.I-Fluopyram ibonisa ukushukuma okwahlukileyo emhlabeni kunezinye iindidi, kwaye ingasasazwa ngokucothayo nangokulinganayo kwi-rhizosphere, ikhusela inkqubo yeengcambu kusulelo lwe-nematode ngempumelelo nangexesha elide.

1.4 Tluazaindolizine

I-Tluazaindolizine yi-pyridimidazole amide (okanye i-sulfonamide) i-nematicide engekho i-fumigant eyenziwa yi-Corteva, esetyenziselwa imifuno, imithi yeziqhamo, iitapile, iitumata, iidiliya, i-citrus, i-gourds, i-lawn, iziqhamo zamatye, icuba , kunye nezityalo zasemasimini, njl. lawula icuba-knot nematodes, i-potato stem nematodes, i-soybean cyst nematodes, i-strawberry slippery nematodes, i-pine wood nematodes, i-grain nematodes kunye ne-short-body (i-root rot) nematodes, njl.

Shwankathela

Ulawulo lweNematode lidabi elithatha ixesha elide.Kwangaxeshanye, ulawulo lwe-nematode akufuneki luxhomekeke ekulweni komntu ngamnye.Kuyimfuneko ukwenza isisombululo esibanzi sothintelo kunye nolawulo oludibanisa ukukhuselwa kwezityalo, ukuphuculwa komhlaba, isondlo sezityalo, kunye nolawulo lwamasimi.Ngexesha elifutshane, ukulawulwa kweekhemikhali kuseyeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokulawula i-nematode kunye neziphumo ezikhawulezayo nezisebenzayo;ekuhambeni kwexesha, ulawulo lwebhayoloji luya kufumana uphuhliso olukhawulezayo.Ukukhawulezisa uphando kunye nophuhliso lweentlobo ezintsha ze-nematicides, ukuphucula umgangatho wokulungiswa kwamalungiselelo, ukwandisa iinzame zokuthengisa, kunye nokwenza umsebenzi omhle kuphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-synergistic abancedisi kuya kuba yingqwalasela yokusombulula ingxaki yokuxhathisa kwezinye iintlobo ze-nematicide.