Erin Lizotte, Michigan State University Extension, MSU Department of Entomology Dave Smitley and Jill O'Donnell, MSU Extension-April 1, 2015
Izinambuzane zesigcawu zibalulekile kwimithi yeKrisimesi yaseMichigan.Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi kunokunceda abalimi bakhusele amangolwane aluncedo, ngaloo ndlela kunceda ekulawuleni esi sitshabalalisi sibalulekileyo.
E-Michigan, i-spruce spider mite (Oligonuchus umunguis) sisitshabalalisi esibalulekileyo semithi ye-coniferous.Esi sinambuzane sincinane sihlasela yonke imithi yeKrismesi eveliswa ngokurhweba yaye ngokufuthi sibangela ilahleko enkulu yezoqoqosho ekulinyweni kwespruce neFraser fir.Kumasimi alawulwa ngokwesithethe, inani lamangolwane lincinci ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane, ngoko ke amangolwane esigcawu adla ngokuba zizinambuzane.Amangolwane anceda abalimi kuba atya izitshabalalisi kwaye anceda ukulawula inani labantu.Ngaphandle kwabo, inani lemite ye-spruce spider mite liya kuqhuma ngokukhawuleza, libangele umonakalo emithini.
Xa kusondela intwasahlobo, abalimi kufuneka bakulungele ukunyusa izicwangciso zabo zokuzingela iintwala.Ukuze ubone amangolwane e-spruce spider mites, abalimi kufuneka bathathe iisampulu yemithi emininzi kwindawo yokutyala nganye kwaye baqinisekise ukuba bakhetha imithi ukusuka kwimiphakamo eyahlukeneyo kunye nemiqolo yangaphakathi nangaphandle.Iisampulu zemithi emikhulu ziya kwandisa ukuchaneka kwabalimi xa bevavanya amanani abantu kunye nobungozi obunokubakho.Uqwalaselo kufuneka luqhutywe kulo lonke ixesha lonyaka, kungekuphela nje emva kokuvela kweempawu, kuba kudla ngokuba kusemva kwexesha kunyango olusebenzayo.Eyona ndlela ilula yokubona amangolwane kunye namangolwane kukushukuma okanye ukubetha amasebe ebhodini okanye ephepheni (ifoto 1).
Iqanda le-spruce spider mite yibhola encinci ebomvu eqaqambileyo eneenwele phakathi.Amaqanda aqanduselweyo aya kubonakala ecacileyo (ifoto 2).Kwinqanaba lokuzilolonga, inkumbi yesigcawu incinci kakhulu kwaye inomzimba othambileyo.I-spruce spider mite esele ikhulile yimilo eyomeleleyo embhoxo eneenwele phezu kwesisu.Amathoni esikhumba ayahluka, kodwa iTetranychus spruce ihlala iluhlaza, iluhlaza bumnyama okanye iphantse ibe mnyama, kwaye ayikaze ibe mhlophe, ipinki okanye ibomvu.Iingolwane ezizingelayo zikholisa ukuba mhlophe, mhlophe, pink okanye bomvu okhanyayo, kwaye zinokwahlulwa kungolwane ngokujonga imisebenzi yazo.Xa ziphazanyisiwe, amangolwane adla ngokuhamba ngokukhawuleza kunamantshontsho ezinambuzane, kwaye iyabonakala ukuba ihamba ngokukhawuleza kwibhodi ye-scout.Izigcawu ezibomvu zespruce zikholisa ukurhubuluza kancinci.
Ifoto 2. Abantu abadala amangolwane espruce spider kunye namaqanda.Umthombo womfanekiso: USDA FS-Northeast Regional Archives, Bugwood.org
Iimpawu zomonakalo we-spruce spider mite ziquka i-chlorosis, ukuhlatywa inaliti kunye nokujika kombala kunye namabala amdaka amagqabi, anokuthi ekugqibeleni anwenwele kuwo wonke umthi.Xa ujonga ukwenzakala ngesibuko sesandla, iimpawu zivela njengamabala amancinci atyheli ajikeleze indawo yokutya (ifoto 3).Ngokubeka iliso ngononophelo, ulawulo lokuxhathisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi ezingenabungozi kangako kwizilwanyana ezizingelayo zendalo, amangolwane e-spruce spider angathintelwa ukuba atshatyalaliswe.Eyona ndlela ilula yokumisela iimfuno zolawulo kukuvavanya ukuba uphando lubonisa ukuba abantu bayakhula okanye bakwinqanaba lokutshatyalaliswa.Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba inani le-spruce spider mite liguquguquka ngokukhawuleza, ngoko ukujonga nje umonakalo emthini akubonisi ngokuchanekileyo ukuba unyango luyafuneka na, kuba abantu abasweleke ukususela ngoko bangabangela umonakalo, ngoko ukutshiza akunantsingiselo. .
Ifoto 3. Inaliti ye-spruce spider mite feeding yonakele.Ikhredithi yomfanekiso: UJohn A. Weidhass waseVirginia Tech kunye neYunivesithi yaseBugwood.org
Le theyibhile ilandelayo iqulathe iindlela zonyango onokukhetha kuzo, udidi lwazo lwemichiza, inqanaba lobomi ekujoliswe kulo, ukusebenza kakuhle okunxulumeneyo, ixesha lokulawula kunye netyhefu enxulumene nezilwanyana ezixhamlayo.Ukuba amayeza okubulala izinambuzane awasetyenziswa, izigcawu ezibomvu azifane zibe yingxaki, kuba amangolwane azigcina ziphantsi kolawulo.Zama ukunqanda ukutshiza izitshabalalisi ukukhuthaza ulawulo lwendalo.
Chlorpyrifos 4E AG, Government 4E, Hatchet, Lorsban Advanced, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban 75WG, Nufos 4E, Quali-Pro Chlorpyrifos 4E, Warhawk, Whirlwind, Yuma 4E insecticide, Vulcan (i-rif enetyhefu)
I-Avid 0.15EC, i-Ardent 0.15EC, umhlobiso ocacileyo, i-Nufarm Abamectin, i-Minx Quali-Pro Abamectin 0.15EC, i-Timectin 0.15ECT & O (abamectin)
Appreciate Pro, Couraze 2F, Couraze 4F, Mallet 75WSP, Nuprid 1.6F, Pasada 1.6F, Prey, Provado 1.6F, Sherpa, Widow, Wrangler (imidacloprid)
1 Iindlela zokushukuma ziquka imibungu yamangolwane, iintsana kunye nezigaba zabantu abadala.I-2S ikhuselekile xa kuthelekiswa namarhamncwa, i-M inetyhefu ephakathi, kwaye i-H iyityhefu kakhulu.I-3Avermectin, i-thiazole kunye ne-tetronic acid acaricides ziyacotha, ngoko ke abalimi mabangamangali ukuba amangolwane asaphila emva kokufakwa.Kungathatha iintsuku ezisi-7 ukuya kwezili-10 ukubona ukufa okupheleleyo.I-4 I-oyile yegadi inokubangela i-phytotoxicity, ngakumbi xa isetyenziswe ehlotyeni, kwaye inokunciphisa umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwi-spruce blue.Ngokuqhelekileyo kukhuselekile ukutshiza ioli ye-horticultural esulungekisiweyo kakhulu kunye noxinzelelo lwe-1% nangaliphi na ixesha lonyaka, kodwa xa ugxininiso luyi-2% okanye ngaphezulu, lungonakalisa iintyatyambo ezibangelwa utshintsho kwiikristale ze-spruce ice kwaye zibangele iimpawu ezimbi. ..5 Ileyibhile ye-Apollo kufuneka ifundwe kwaye ilandelwe ngenyameko ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo kunye nokucotha ukuphuhliswa kokuchasana.
I-Pyrethroids, i-organophosphates kunye ne-abamectin zonke zinomsebenzi olungileyo wokuwisa kunye nolawulo olushiyekileyo lweentlankula zesigcawu ezikwisigaba sobomi obusebenzayo, kodwa iziphumo zazo ezibulalayo kwiingolwane zizenza zibe lukhetho olulambathayo lonyango.Ngenxa yokuncipha kweentshaba zendalo kunye namangolwane ezilwanyana ezidla inyama, i-spruce spider mites iyaqhuma, ukusetyenziswa kwezi mathiriyeli kudla ngokufuneka kuqhutyekwe nokusetyenzwa kweli xesha lonyaka.I-Neonicotine, equlethe i-imidacloprid njengesithako esisebenzayo, ikwalukhetho olubi lokulawula iintwala zesigcawu, kwaye kwezinye iimeko zinokubangela ukuqhambuka kwezinambuzane zesigcawu.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezinto ezikhankanywe ngasentla, i-carbamates, i-quinolones, i-pyridazinones, i-quinazolines kunye ne-insect growth regulator ethoxazole zonke zibonisa imiphumo emihle kwi-spruce ye-Tetranychus kunye ne-moderal to predatory mites.ubuthi.Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zixhobo kuya kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuqhambuka kwamangolwane kwaye kunikeze iiveki ezintathu ukuya kwezine zolawulo lwentsalela kuzo zonke izigaba zobomi bemite yesigcawu, kodwa i-etozol inomsebenzi omncinci kubantu abadala.
I-asidi ye-Tetronic, i-thiazole, i-sulfite kunye ne-oli ye-horticultural nazo zibonisa iziphumo ezilungileyo kubude obushiyekileyo be-spider mite.Ioli ye-Horticultural inemingcipheko ye-phytotoxicity kunye ne-chlorosis, ngoko ke abalimi kufuneka baqaphele xa besebenzisa iimveliso ezintsha okanye kwiintlobo ezingaphathwanga.I-Tetronic acid, i-thiazole, i-sulfite kunye ne-oyile ye-horticultural nazo zineenzuzo ezibalulekileyo ezongezelelweyo, oko kukuthi, ikhuselekile xa kuthelekiswa namangolwane kwaye inethuba eliphantsi lokubangela uqhambuko lwamangolwane.
Abalimi banokufumanisa ukuba lungaphezulu konyango olunye olufunekayo, ngakumbi xa uxinzelelo lwabemi luphezulu, okanye xa kusetyenziswa izibulali-zinambuzane ezingasebenziyo kuwo onke amanqanaba obomi.Nceda ufunde ileyibhile ngononophelo, njengoko ezinye iimveliso zinokusetyenziswa kuphela kudidi olunye ngexesha lonyaka.Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, khangela iinaliti kunye namasetyana amaqanda e-Tetranychus spruce.Ukuba amaqanda maninzi, sebenzisa i-oli ye-horticultural kwi-concentration ye-2% ukuwabulala phambi kokuqanduselwa.Ioli yokulima esemgangathweni ophezulu kunye ne-concentration ye-2% ikhuselekile kwimithi emininzi yeKrisimesi, ngaphandle kwe-spruce eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, elahlekelwa yi-blue luster yayo emva kokutshizwa ngeoli.
Ukuze ukulibaziseka ukuphuhliswa kwe-anti-acaricides, iSebe lezoKhuthaza leYunivesithi yaseMichigan State likhuthaza abalimi ukuba balandele iingcebiso zelebula, ukunciphisa inani leemveliso ezithile ezisetyenzisiweyo kwixesha elithile, kwaye bakhethe i-acaricides kwi-insecticide engaphezu kwesinye.Umzekelo, njengoko inani labemi liqalisa ukuphindaphindeka, abalimi banokuchumisa i-oyile eleleyo entwasahlobo emva koko bagalele i-tetronic acid.Isicelo esilandelayo kufuneka siphume kwicandelo ngaphandle kwe-tetrahydroacid.
Imimiselo ye-pesticide ihlala iguquka, kwaye ulwazi olunikezwe kweli nqaku aluyi kuthatha indawo yemiyalelo yeleyibhile.Ukuze uzikhusele, abanye kunye nokusingqongileyo, nceda uqiniseke ukuba ufunda kwaye ulandele ileyibhile.
Esi sixhobo sisekelwe kumsebenzi oxhaswa yiNational Institute of Food and Agriculture yeSebe lezoLimo laseMelika phantsi kwenombolo yesivumelwano 2013-41534-21068.Naziphi na iimbono, iziphumo, izigqibo, okanye iingcebiso ezichazwe kolu papasho zezombhali kwaye azibonakalisi iimbono zeSebe lezoLimo laseMelika.
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