ʻO Roberto Lopez lāua ʻo Kellie Walters, ʻOihana Horticulture, Michigan State University-Mei 16, 2017
ʻO ka mahana o ka ea a me ka alkalinity o ka wai lawe i ka wā e noi ai e pili i ka pono o ka noi ethephon plant growth regulator (PGR).
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu (PGR) e like me nā foliar sprays, substrate infusions, lining infusions a i ʻole bulbs, tubers a me rhizomes infusions/infusions.ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai ʻano mea kanu ma nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo hiki ke kōkua i ka poʻe mahiʻai e hana i nā mea kanu like ʻole a paʻa i hiki ke maʻalahi i ka pūʻulu, lawe ʻia a kūʻai aku i nā mea kūʻai.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā PGR i hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea kanu hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo (no ka laʻana, pyrethroid, chlorergot, damazine, fluoxamide, paclobutrazol a i ʻole uniconazole) ke kāohi i ka elongation stem ma ke kāohi ʻana i ka biosynthesis o gibberellins (GAs) (Extended growth) ʻO Gibberellin kahi hormone mea kanu e hoʻoponopono ai i ka ulu.A elongated ke kumu.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻo ka ethephon (2-chloroethyl; phosphonic acid) he PGR he nui nā mea hoʻohana no ka mea e hoʻokuʻu ana ia i ka ethylene (he hormone mea kanu nona ke kuleana no ka oʻo ʻana a me ka oʻo) ke hoʻohana ʻia.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka pale ʻana i ka elongation stem;hoʻonui i ke anawaena kumu;e ho'ēmi i ka mana apical, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka lālā a me ka uluʻana o kaʻaoʻao;a me ka hoʻokahe ʻana o nā pua a me nā ʻōpuʻu (abortion) (kiʻi 1).
No ka laʻana, inā hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā o ka hana hou ʻana, hiki iā ia ke hoʻonohonoho i ka "clock biological" o nā mea kanu pua a i ʻole like ʻole (e like me Impatiens New Guinea) i ʻole ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā pua a me nā pua pua (kiʻi 2).Eia kekahi, hoʻohana kekahi mau mea kanu e hoʻonui i ka lālā a hōʻemi i ka elongation stem o petunia (kiʻi 3).
Kiʻi 2. ʻO ka pua mua a me ka ʻole a me ka hana hou ʻana o Impatiens New Guinea.Paʻi ʻia e Roberto Lopez, Michigan State University.
Kiʻi 3. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka lālā o ka petunia i mālama ʻia me ka ethephon, hoʻemi i ka elongation internode a hoʻopau i nā pua pua.Paʻi ʻia e Roberto Lopez, Michigan State University.
Ethephon (no ka la'ana, Florel, 3.9% active ingredient; a i 'ole Collate, 21.7% active ingredient) ho'ohana ma'amau i nā mea kanu hale kōma'oma'o ho'okahi a 'elua pule ma hope o ka ho'ololi 'ana, a hiki ke ho'ohana hou 'ia i ho'okahi a 'elua pule ma hope.Nui nā mea e pili ana i kona pono, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ratio, ka nui, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā surfactants, ka pH o ka hopena spray, ka haʻahaʻa substrate a me ka haʻahaʻa ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
E aʻo mai kēia ʻatikala iā ʻoe pehea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ethephon sprays ma o ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ʻelua mau mea moʻomeheu a me ke kaiapuni e pili ana i ka pono.
E like me ka hapa nui o nā kemika ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā kumu waiwai mea kanu, hoʻohana mau ʻia ka ethephon ma ke ʻano wai (spray).Ke hoʻololi ʻia ka ethephon i ethylene, hoʻololi ia mai ka wai a i ke kinoea.Inā hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ethephon i loko o ka ethylene ma waho o ka hale hana, e nalowale ka hapa nui o nā kemika i ka lewa.No laila, makemake mākou e hoʻomohu ʻia e nā mea kanu ma mua o ka haki ʻana i ka ethylene.Ke piʻi aʻe ka waiwai pH, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ethephon i ethylene.'O ia ho'i, 'o ka pahuhopu ka mālama 'ana i ka pH o ka solution spray ma waena o ka 4 a hiki i ka 5 i mana'o 'ia ma hope o ka ho'ohui 'ana i ka ethephon i ka wai lawe.ʻAʻole pilikia kēia, no ka mea, he ʻakika maoli ka ethephon.Eia nō naʻe, inā kiʻekiʻe kou alkalinity, ʻaʻole paha e hāʻule ka pH i loko o ka pae i ʻōlelo ʻia, a pono ʻoe e hoʻohui i kahi pale, e like me ka waikawa (sulfuric acid a i ʻole adjuvant, pHase5 a i ʻole kuhikuhi 5) e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pH..
He ʻakika maoli ka Ethephon.Ke piʻi aʻe ka ʻike, e emi ka pH o ka hopena.Ke emi nei ka alkalinity o ka mea lawe wai, e emi pū ka pH o ka hopena (photo 4).ʻO ka pahuhopu hope loa, ʻo ia ka mālama ʻana i ka pH o ka solution spray ma waena o 4 a me 5. Eia naʻe, pono e hoʻohui i nā mea kanu o ka wai i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia (haʻahaʻa alkalinity) e hoʻohui i nā mea pale ʻē aʻe e pale ai i ka haʻahaʻa o ka pH o ka solution spray (pH emi ma lalo o 3.0). ).
Kiʻi 4. ʻO ka hopena o ka wai alkalinity a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka ethephon i ka pH o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe.Hōʻike ka laina ʻeleʻele i ka mea lawe wai i manaʻo ʻia he pH 4.5.
Ma kahi noiʻi hou mai Michigan State University, ua hoʻohana mākou i ʻekolu alkalinities lawe wai (50, 150 a me 300 ppm CaCO3) a me ʻehā ethephon (Collat​​e, Fine Americas, Inc., Walnut Creek, CA; 0, 250, 500 a me 750) hoʻohana i ka ethephon (ppm) i ka ivy geranium, petunia a me ka verbena.Ua ʻike mākou i ka emi ʻana o ka alkalinity o ka mea lawe wai a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ethephon, e emi ana ka ulu ʻana o ka ductility (kiʻi 5).
Kiʻi 5. ʻO ka hopena o ka wai alkalinity a me ka ethephon concentrate ma ka lālā a me ka pua o ka ivy geranium.Kiʻi na Kelly Walters.
No laila, ʻōlelo ʻo MSU Extension e nānā ʻoe i ka alkalinity o ka wai lawe ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ethephon.Hiki ke hana ʻia kēia ma ka hoʻouna ʻana i kahi laʻana wai i kāu keʻena keʻena makemake, a i ʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻāʻo i ka wai me kahi mika alkalinity paʻa lima (Figure 6) a laila hana i nā hoʻololi kūpono e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma luna.A laila, hoʻohui i ka ethephon a nānā i ka pH o ka solution spray me kahi mika pH paʻa lima e ʻike pono aia ma waena o 4 a me 5.
Kiʻi 6. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hoʻoholo i ka alkalinity o ka wai.Kiʻi na Kelly Walters.
Ua hoʻoholo pū mākou e pili ana ka mahana i ka wā o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kemika i ka pono o ka ethephon.Ke piʻi aʻe ka mahana o ka ea, piʻi ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka ethylene mai ka ethephon, e hōʻemi ana i kona pono.Mai kā mākou noiʻi ʻana, ua ʻike mākou ua lawa ka ethephon i ka wā o ka mahana noi ma waena o 57 a me 73 degere Fahrenheit.Eia naʻe, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana i 79 degere Fahrenheit, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe hopena o ka ethephon i ka ulu ʻana o ka elongation, ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka lālā a i ʻole ka hāʻule ʻana o nā pua (kiʻi 7).
Kiʻi 7. Ka hopena o ka wela noi ma ka pono o 750 ppm ethephon spray ma ka petunia.Kiʻi na Kelly Walters.
Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka wai alkalinity kiʻekiʻe, e ʻoluʻolu e hoʻohana i kahi paʻa a i ʻole adjuvant e hōʻemi i ka alkalinity o ka wai ma mua o ka hui ʻana i ka solution spray a hiki i ka waiwai pH o ka solution spray.E noʻonoʻo i ka pīpī ʻana i nā ethephon i nā lā ʻeleʻele, i ke kakahiaka nui a i ke ahiahi paha ke emi ka mahana o ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma lalo o 79 F.
Mahalo.Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ʻike ma ka hana i kākoʻo ʻia e Fine Americas, Inc., Western Michigan Greenhouse Association, Detroit Metropolitan Flower Growers Association, a me Ball Horticultural Co.
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