U-Roberto Lopez no-Kellie Walters, uMnyango Wezokulima, e-Michigan State University-May 16, 2017
Izinga lokushisa lomoya kanye ne-alkalinity yamanzi okuphatha ngesikhathi sokufaka kuzothinta ukusebenza kahle kwe-ethephon plant growth regulator (PGR) application.
Izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo (PGR) zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezifutho ze-foliar, infusions ye-substrate, infusions ye-lining noma ama-bulb, ama-tubers nama-rhizomes infusions/infusions.Ukusebenzisa izinsiza zofuzo zezitshalo ezitshalweni ezibamba ukushisa kungasiza abalimi ukuthi bakhiqize izitshalo ezifanayo nezihlangene ezingapakishwa kalula, zithuthwe futhi zidayiselwe abathengi.Iningi lama-PGR asetshenziswa abalimi be-greenhouse (isibonelo, i-pyrethroid, i-chlorergot, i-damazine, i-fluoxamide, i-paclobutrazol noma i-uniconazole) ivimbela ukuphakama kwe-stem ngokuvimbela i-biosynthesis ye-gibberellins (GAs) (Ukukhula okunwetshiwe) I-Gibberellin i-hormone yokukhula elawula kabusha.Futhi isiqu siye side.
Ngokuphambene, i-ethephon (2-chloroethyl; i-phosphonic acid) iyi-PGR enokusetshenziswa okuningi ngoba ikhipha i-ethylene (i-hormone yesitshalo ebhekele ukuvuthwa nokuzwela) lapho isetshenziswa.Ingasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukunwetshwa kwesiqu;ukwandisa ububanzi be-stem;ukunciphisa ukubusa kwe-apical, okuholela ekwandeni kwe-branching nokukhula kwe-lateral;futhi kubangele ukuchithwa kwezimbali nama-buds (ukukhipha isisu) (isithombe 1).
Isibonelo, uma isetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza kabusha, ingasetha “iwashi lebhayoloji” lezitshalo eziqhakaza ngezikhathi ezithile noma ezingalingani (njenge-Impatiens New Guinea) libe liqanda ngokubangela ukuhushulwa kwezimbali nezimbali zezimbali (isithombe 2).Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye abalimi bayisebenzisela ukukhulisa i-branching nokunciphisa ukuphakama kwe-stem petunia (isithombe 3).
Isithombe 2. Ukuqhakaza ngaphambi kwesikhathi nokungalingani nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-Impatiens New Guinea.Isithombe nguRoberto Lopez, Michigan State University.
Umfanekiso 3. I-Petunia ephathwa nge-ethephon iye yanda amagatsha, yanciphisa ubude be-internode kanye nemiqumbe yezimbali ehoxisiwe.Isithombe nguRoberto Lopez, Michigan State University.
I-Ethephon (ngokwesibonelo, i-Florel, isithako esisebenzayo esingu-3.9%; noma i-Collate, isithako esisebenzayo esingu-21.7%) izifutho zivame ukusetshenziselwa izitshalo ezibamba ukushisa isonto elilodwa kuya kwamabili ngemva kokufakelwa kabusha, futhi zingasetshenziswa kabusha isonto elilodwa kuya kwamabili kamuva.Ziningi izici ezithinta ukusebenza kahle kwayo, okuhlanganisa isilinganiso, umthamo, ukusetshenziswa kwama-surfactants, i-pH yesisombululo sesifutho, umswakama we-substrate kanye nomswakama obamba ukushisa.
Okuqukethwe okulandelayo kuzokufundisa ukuthi ungathuthukisa kanjani ukusetshenziswa kwezifutho ze-ethephon ngokuqapha nokulungisa izici ezimbili ezivame ukunganakwa zamasiko nezemvelo ezithinta ukusebenza kahle.
Ngokufana namakhemikhali amaningi abamba ukushisa kanye nemithombo yofuzo yezitshalo, i-ethephon ivamise ukusetshenziswa kuhlobo lwe-liquid (spray).Lapho i-ethephon iguqulwa ibe yi-ethylene, iyashintsha isuka oketshezini iye kwigesi.Uma i-ethephon iboliswa ibe yi-ethylene ngaphandle kwefekthri, amakhemikhali amaningi azolahleka emoyeni.Ngakho-ke, sifuna ukuthi imuncwe izitshalo ngaphambi kokuba ihlukaniswe ibe i-ethylene.Njengoba inani le-pH likhuphuka, i-ethephon ibola ngokushesha ibe i-ethylene.Lokhu kusho ukuthi umgomo uwukugcina i-pH yesisombululo sesifutho phakathi kokunconyiwe okungu-4 kuya ku-5 ngemva kokwengeza i-ethephon emanzini okuphatha.Lokhu ngokuvamile akuyona inkinga, ngoba i-ethephon ine-asidi ngokwemvelo.Kodwa-ke, uma i-alkalinity yakho iphezulu, i-pH ingase ingabi phakathi kwebanga elinconyiwe, futhi ungase udinge ukungeza isigcinalwazi, esifana ne-asidi (i-sulfuric acid noma i-adjuvant, pHase5 noma inkomba 5) ukuze wehlise i-pH..
I-Ethephon i-acidic ngokwemvelo.Njengoba ukugxila kukhula, i-pH yesisombululo izokwehla.Njengoba i-alkalinity yesiphathi samanzi iyancipha, i-pH yesisombululo nayo izokwehla (isithombe 4).Umgomo omkhulu uwukugcina i-pH yesisombululo sokufutha iphakathi kuka-4 no-5. Kodwa-ke, abalimi bamanzi ahlanzekile (i-alkalinity ephansi) kungase kudingeke bangeze ezinye izigcinalwazi ukuvimbela i-pH yesisombululo sokufutha ukuthi ibe phansi kakhulu (i-pH ngaphansi kuka-3.0 ).
Umfanekiso 4. Umthelela we-alkalinity yamanzi kanye nokugxila kwe-ethephon ku-pH yesisombululo sesifutho.Umugqa omnyama ukhombisa intutha yamanzi enconyiwe i-pH 4.5.
Ocwaningweni lwakamuva oluvela e-Michigan State University, sisebenzise ama-alkalinity amathathu athwala amanzi (50, 150 kanye no-300 ppm CaCO3) kanye ne-ethephon ezine (Collat ​​e, Fine Americas, Inc., Walnut Creek, CA; 0, 250, 500 futhi 750) basebenzise ukugxila kwe-ethephon (ppm) ku-ivy geranium, i-petunia ne-verbena.Sithole ukuthi njengoba i-alkalinity yesithwali samanzi iyancipha futhi ukugxila kwe-ethephon kukhuphuka, ukukhula kwe-ductility kuncipha (isithombe 5).
Umfanekiso 5. Umthelela we-alkalinity yamanzi kanye nokugxila kwe-ethephon ekuhlanganiseni nasekuqhakazeni kwe-ivy geranium.Isithombe ngu-Kelly Walters.
Ngakho-ke, i-MSU Extension incoma ukuthi uhlole i-alkalinity yamanzi yenkampani yenethiwekhi ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-ethephon.Lokhu kungenziwa ngokuthumela isampula lamanzi elabhorethri oyithandayo, noma ungahlola amanzi ngemitha ye-alkalinity ephathwa ngesandla (Umfanekiso 6) bese wenza izinguquko ezidingekayo njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla.Okulandelayo, engeza i-ethephon bese uhlola i-pH yesisombululo sesifutho nge-pH imitha ephathwa ngesandla ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi iphakathi kuka-4 no-5.
Isithombe 6. Imitha ye-alkalinity ephathekayo ephathwayo, engasetshenziswa ezindlini zokugcina izithombo ukuze kutholakale i-alkalinity yamanzi.Isithombe ngu-Kelly Walters.
Siphinde sathola ukuthi izinga lokushisa ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali lizophinde libe nomthelela ekusebenzeni kwe-ethephon.Njengoba izinga lokushisa lomoya likhuphuka, izinga lokukhululwa kwe-ethylene ku-ethephon liyakhula, ngokwembono linciphisa ukusebenza kwayo.Kusukela ocwaningweni lwethu, sithole ukuthi i-ethephon inamandla okwanele uma izinga lokushisa lohlelo lokusebenza liphakathi kuka-57 no-73 degrees Fahrenheit.Kodwa-ke, lapho izinga lokushisa lenyuka laya ku-79 degrees Fahrenheit, i-ethephon ayizange ibe namphumela ekukhuleni kobude, ngisho nokukhula kwegatsha noma ukuhushulwa kwezimbali zezimbali (isithombe 7).
Umfanekiso 7. Umphumela wokushisa kwesicelo ekusebenzeni kwe-750 ppm ethephon spray ku-petunia.Isithombe ngu-Kelly Walters.
Uma une-alkalinity ephezulu yamanzi, sicela usebenzise isigcinalwazi noma i-adjuvant ukuze unciphise i-alkalinity yamanzi ngaphambi kokuxuba isisombululo sesifutho futhi ekugcineni ufinyelele inani le-pH lesisombululo sesifutho.Cabanga ngokufafaza izifutho ze-ethephon ezinsukwini eziguqubele, ekuseni kakhulu noma kusihlwa lapho izinga lokushisa elibamba ukushisa lingaphansi kuka-79 F.
Ngiyabonga.Lolu lwazi lusekelwe emsebenzini osekelwe yi-Fine Americas, Inc., i-Western Michigan Greenhouse Association, i-Detroit Metropolitan Flower Growers Association, ne-Ball Horticultural Co.
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I-Michigan State University iyisenzo sokuqinisekisa, umqashi wamathuba alinganayo, esizibophezele ekukhuthazeni wonke umuntu ukuthi afeze amandla akhe aphelele ngokusebenzisa abasebenzi abahlukahlukene kanye nesiko elibandakanya ukuzuza impumelelo.Izinhlelo zokwandisa kanye nezinto zokwakha ze-Michigan State University zivulekele wonke umuntu, kungakhathalekile ukuthi uluphi uhlanga, umbala, imvelaphi yezwe, ubulili, ubunikazi bobulili, inkolo, ubudala, ubude, isisindo, ukukhubazeka, izinkolelo zezombusazwe, ukukhetha ocansini, isimo somshado, isimo somndeni, noma umhlalaphansi. Isimo sezempi.Ngokubambisana noMnyango Wezolimo wase-United States, yakhishwa ngokukhuthazwa kwe-MSU kusukela ngoMeyi 8 kuya kuJuni 30, 1914. UJeffrey W. Dwyer, Umqondisi Wokwandiswa kwe-MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, MI48824.Lolu lwazi lwenzelwe izinjongo zemfundo kuphela.Ukukhulunywa kwemikhiqizo yezentengiso noma amagama ohwebo akusho ukuthi kugunyazwe Isandiso se-MSU noma imikhiqizo ethandwayo engashiwongo.Igama nelogo ye-4-H ivikelwe ngokukhethekile yiCongress futhi ivikelwe ngekhodi 18 USC 707.