ʻOi aku ka ʻawaʻawa o ka mea pepehi kaiaola Fipronil ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo mua ʻia a loaʻa i nā ala wai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻOkakopa 27, 2020
Ua ʻike ʻia ka US Geological Survey e laha nui ʻia nā hui pesticide i nā muliwai a me nā kahawai ʻo US September 24, 2020
Mea pepehi kanaka: ʻIke ʻia ka hōʻike ʻo ka ʻoihana lole ke kumu nui e hoʻopau ai i nā mea olaola 17 Kepakemapa 2020
Hoʻopaʻa nā glacier Arctic i nā pesticides a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe mai ka neʻe ʻana o ka honua, a hoʻokuʻu i nā kemika ʻino i ka wā e hehee ai ka hoʻomehana honua.ʻAukake 20, 2020
ʻO nā iʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke kahakai hikina he maʻi a haumia me nā pesticides, plastics, disinfectants a me nā metala kaumaha ʻAukake 19, 2020
E hana i ka hana!E haʻi iā Evian e kākoʻo i ka hoʻololi honua i ka organik e pale i ka pono o kāna mau koi maʻemaʻe Iulai 27, 2020
ʻO nā hopena i hui ʻia o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka pesticide a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau e hōʻino nui i ka iʻa ʻākoʻa Iulai 21, 2020
Wahi a ka USGS, hoʻokahi a ʻoi aʻe paha nā pesticides i loko o 56% o ka wai i nā kahawai i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma mua o hoʻokahi maʻamau federal no nā mea ola wai.Hoʻopili pū ʻia ka nui o kēia mau pesticides me kahi ʻano o nā hopena olakino o ke kanaka a me ke kaiapuni, e like me ka maʻi kanesa, nā kīnā hānau, nā neurological a me nā hopena olakino hānau.Hōʻike ka noiʻi ma lalo nei i ka hopena o nā pesticides i ka maikaʻi o ka wai, ke olakino kanaka a me ke kaiapuni.
National Water Quality: The Ecological Health of National Rivers, 1993-2005, ka hōʻike 2013 i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka US Geological Survey "ma muli o ke kūlana o ke kaiāulu ola e pili ana i nā mea koʻikoʻi kino a me nā mea kemika (e like me ke degere) E loiloi i nā loli hydrological a ka nui o nā meaʻai a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe.Hiki i nā algae, macroinvertebrates a me nā iʻa ke ana pololei i ke olakino o ka muliwai no ka mea e noho ana lākou i loko o ka muliwai no kekahi mau pule a hiki i kekahi mau makahiki, no laila, ke hele nei ka manawa Ke hoʻohui mau ʻia ka hopena o nā loli i ko lākou kemika a me ke kino.ʻO ka hopena o ka hōʻike: "I ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻomaopopo i nā kumu o ka emi ʻana o ke olakino o nā kahawai, me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kahe, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā hopena kūpono o nā meaʻai a me nā pesticides, ʻoi aku ia ma nā wahi mahiʻai a me ke kūlanakauhale."ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, e like me ka mea kākau, hoʻokahi hapalima wale nō o nā kahawai ma nā wahi mahiʻai a me nā kūlanakauhale i manaʻo ʻia he olakino.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kahe kūlohelohe o kēia mau kahawai, ʻoiai nā alanui a me nā mahiʻai e hoʻohua mai i nā kahe i hoʻohaumia ʻia.
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pesticides i loko o ka wai a me nā sediment i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā wahi noho amphibian ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i 2009–2010.ʻO kēia haʻawina i alakaʻi ʻia e ka US Geological Service ma 2012 i noiʻi iā Kaleponi ma waena o 2009 a me 2010 ʻIke ma 11 mau pūnaewele ma ka mokuʻāina a me 18 mau wahi ma kahi ʻē aʻe.E hoʻohana i ke kinoea chromatography/mass spectrometry e kālailai 96 pesticides i loko o nā laʻana wai.I loko o hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha o 54 mau laʻana wai, ua ʻike ʻia he 24 mau pesticides, me 7 fungicides, 10 herbicides, 4 pesticides, 1 synergist a me 2 pesticide degradation huahana.Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe wikiwiki, gel permeation chromatography e wehe i ka sulfur a me carbon/alumina accumulation solid phase extraction kolamu e hoʻoneʻe interfering sediment matrix, 94 pesticides i loko o ka moe sediment samples.I loko o ka lepo o ka muliwai, ua ʻike ʻia he 22 pesticides i loko o hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā laʻana, me 9 fungicides, 3 pyrethroid insecticides, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p, p'-DDT) a me kāna mau huahana degradation nui a me kekahi mau herbicides.ʻO ka hōʻike i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka United States Geological Service "Ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pesticides i loko o ka wai a me nā sediment i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā wahi noho amphibian ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa mai 2009 a 2010".
Hoʻoholo i ka pilikia o nā nitrates ma Kaleponi wai inu Ua aʻo ʻia ka hōʻike i hoʻopuka ʻia ma 2012 e ke Kulanui o Kaleponi Davis (UC Davis) i nā kalana ʻehā o ka Lake Tulare Basin a me ka wahi o Monterey County ma ke awāwa ʻo Salinas.Ua ʻike ʻia ka haʻawina: “E mau paha ka pilikia nitrate no nā makahiki he mau makahiki.I kēia lā, ʻo nā mea hoʻomomona mahiʻai a me nā ʻōpala holoholona i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻāina mahiʻai ʻo ia nā kumu nui loa o ka nitrate i loko o ka wai honua;hiki ke ho'ēmi i ka ukana o ka nitrate, a emi ke kumu kūʻai o kekahi.ʻO ka hoʻoponopono pololei ʻana i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka nitrate mai nā kīʻaha wai honua nui ke kumu kūʻai a ʻaʻole hiki ke hana.ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka "pumping and fertilizing" a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i ka wai o ka lepo He ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no ka wā lōʻihi;ʻO nā hana hōʻemi wai (e like me ka hui ʻana, ka mālama ʻana a me nā lako wai ʻē aʻe) ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kumu kūʻai.Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o ka nitrate, i nā manawa he nui e emi a emi mai ka hui ʻana.ʻAʻole hiki i nā kaiāulu liʻiliʻi ke uku i ka mālama wai inu palekana a me nā hana hoʻolako.ʻO nā kumukūʻai paʻa kiʻekiʻe e pili nui i nā ʻōnaehana liʻiliʻi.ʻO ke kumu waiwai maikaʻi loa, ʻo ia ka uku hoʻohana ʻana i ka nitrogen fertilizer ma kēia mau kahawai;Hiki i nā uku hoʻohana mea hoʻomomona nitrogen ke uku i nā kaiāulu liʻiliʻi i hoʻopilikia ʻia.ʻO nā kūlikeʻole a me ka hikiʻole o kaʻikepili ke keʻakeʻa i ka loiloi kūpono a hoʻomau.Pono ka hoʻohui mokuʻāina no ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili pili wai i lawe ʻia e nā mokuʻāina a me nā hana ʻoihana kūloko.
He kumu hoʻohālikelike no ka manaʻo ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka atrazine a me ka desethylatrazine i loko o ka wai pāpaʻu ma nā wahi mahiʻai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.ʻO kēia haʻawina i paʻi ʻia ma ka Journal of Environmental Quality i ka makahiki 2012 i hoʻohana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike e wānana i ka wai pāpaʻu i loko o nā wahi mahiʻai kūpono ʻO ka huina o ka atrazine a me kāna deethylatrazine degraded (DEA).A puni ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa aia ma kahi o 5% wale nō o nā wahi mahiʻai i loaʻa i ka nui o ka nui ma mua o 10% e ʻoi aku ma mua o ka USEPA pollutant kiʻekiʻe o 3.0 μgL.
Mohala ka algae ma Lake Erie, ma muli o nā ʻano mahiʻai a me nā ʻano meteorological, i hoʻopaʻa i kahi moʻolelo a ua kūlike me nā kūlana i manaʻo ʻia e hiki mai ana.ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i paʻi ʻia ma ka Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences i ka makahiki 2012 i hoʻopau ai: "Loa-term trends in agricultural practices and phosphorus load in the west The increase is consistent.ʻO ke kīʻaha loko, kēia mau ʻano, i hui pū ʻia me nā kūlana meteorological i ka pūnāwai o 2011, ua hoʻokumu i kahi ukana meaʻai.I ka pōkole, ʻo ka pilikia o ka algae ma Lake Erie ma muli o nā hana mahiʻai, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea kanu.Hoʻohana ʻia, hāʻawi kēia i ka meaʻai no ka ulu ʻana o nā pua nui.Ke hoʻonui nei ka mahana wela i kēia kūlana, e ulu a hoʻomāhuahua ka cyanobacteria a i ʻole cyanobacteria, a laila e hoʻopuka ai i nā hopena ʻona.Ua paʻi ʻia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "A record-setting study of Lake Erie algae blooms me nā kūlana i manaʻo ʻia e hiki mai ana ma muli o nā ʻano mahiʻai a me ka meteorological" i paʻi ʻia ma ka Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.E heluhelu i ka "Pesticide Removal Daily News" mai ʻApelila 2013.
ʻO ka hopena a me ka lawe ʻana o Glyphosate a me Aminomethylphosphonic Acid i loko o ka wai ʻili o nā kīʻaha mahiʻai Ua hoʻoholo ʻia kahi ʻatikala ma "Pest Management Science" i ka makahiki 2012 "ʻike pinepine ʻia ka glyphosate a me ka AMPA i ka wai o nā kīʻaha mahiʻai ʻehā."'Oko'a ka 'ike alapine a me ka amplitude o kēlā me kēia kī'aha, a 'o ka haawe (ma ke 'ano he pākēneka o ka ho'ohana) aia ma waena o 0.009 a me 0.86%, e pili ana paha i 'ekolu mau hi'ohi'ona ma'amau: ka ikaika kumu, ka ua a me ke ala kahe.”
Hoʻolaha nui ʻia ʻo Glyphosate a me kāna mau huahana degradation (AMPA) i ka lepo, ka wai ʻili, ka wai lepo a me ka ua ma United States.ʻO ka haʻawina 2011 i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e USGS mai 2001 a i 2009 e hōʻuluʻulu i ka wai a me nā laʻana sediment i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai 2001 a 2009 ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o ka glyphosate.Nā hualoaʻa o 3,606 kaiapuni.ʻO 1,008 mau hōʻailona hōʻoia maikaʻi i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai 38 mau mokuʻāina a me ka Apana o Columbia i hōʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka glyphosate ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo mua ʻia a ʻoi aku ka laha ʻana i ke kaiapuni.ʻIke pinepine ʻia ʻo Glyphosate i ka lepo a me ka sediment (91% o ka hāpana), nā auwai a me nā kahawai (71%), ka ua (71%), nā kahawai (51%) a me nā muliwai nui (46%) I;ma nā ʻāina pulu (38%), ka wai lepo (34%), nā loko (22%), nā hale kūʻai wai hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai (WWTP) (9%) a me ka wai lepo (6%) i emi pinepine.Ua hoʻopuka ka American Geophysical Union i kahi noiʻi e pili ana i ka "Wide Distribution of Glyphosate and Its Degradation Products (AMPA) in Soil, Surface Water, Groundwater and Precipitation in the United States, 2001-2009".
ʻO ka hanana a me ka hopena o ka glyphosate a me kāna aminomethylphosphonic acid degradable i ka lewa.I ka makahiki 2011, ua paʻi ʻia kēia ʻatikala ma "Environmental Toxins and Chemicals" e pili ana i ka glyphosate, ka herbicide i hoʻohana nui ʻia a me kāna ʻO ka hōʻike mua e pili ana i ka pae kaiapuni o ka hōʻino nui.Hoʻopuka ka huahana i ka aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) i nā lā ua a me ka ua… I nā lā ua a me nā lā ua, ʻo ka ʻike pinepine o ka glyphosate mai 60% a 100%.Ma ka ea a me ka wai ua, aia ka ʻike o ka glyphosate ma ka laulā o <0.01 a 9.1 ng/m(3) a me <0.1 a i 2.5 µg/L… ʻAʻole maopopo i kēia manawa he aha ka pākēneka o ka glyphosate e hoʻokomo ʻia i ka lewa. , akā ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo 0.7% o nā noi e hoʻoneʻe ʻia mai ka lewa i ka wā ua.Hiki ke hoʻoneʻe maikaʻi ʻia ka Glyphosate mai ka lewa;Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka ua i kēlā me kēia pule he ≥30 mm hiki ke hoʻoneʻe i ka awelika o 97% o ka glyphosate i ka lewa.
Ua ʻike ʻia e ka Pūʻulu Hana Kaiapuni ma Hexavalent Chromium i loko o ka wai Tap ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka hōʻike i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka makahiki 2011, e like me nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua, "ʻo ka wai paipu o 31 o 35 mau kūlanakauhale ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa he hexavalent chromium (a i ʻole hexavalent chromium) .ʻO kēia ka carcinogenic "Eileen Brokovic Chemical."Ua ʻike ʻia ka pae kiʻekiʻe loa ma Norman, Oklahoma.Honolulu, Hawaii;ʻO 25 mau kūlanakauhale i hoʻāʻo ʻia e EWG he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā carcinogens ma mua o Kaleponi ʻO ka pahuhopu olakino lehulehu i manaʻo ʻia.ʻO ka maʻiʻo o ka wai paila (90,000 ka nui o nā kānaka) mai Norman, Oklahoma, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o 200 mau manawa i ka palena palekana i manaʻo ʻia e Kaleponi.
Mai 2005 a 2006, hiki mai ka azoxystrobin, propiconazole a me nā fungicides i koho ʻia ma nā muliwai ʻAmelika.Ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻatikala 2011 i paʻi ʻia ma ka "Water, Air and Soil Pollution": "He 103 mau laʻana Ma kahi o hoʻokahi bactericide i ʻike ʻia ma 56%, a hiki i ka 5 o lākou he bactericides.Ua ʻike ʻia i loko o kahi laʻana hoʻokahi, a ua maʻamau ka hui ʻana o nā bactericides.ʻO ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka azoazolone (45 mai 103 mau mea hoʻohālike).%), a me ka metalaxyl (27%), propiconazole (17%), mycotin (9%) a me tebuconazole (6%).ʻO ka pae ʻike o nā fungicides he 0.002 a 1.15μg/L.ʻAe Aia nā hōʻailona o ka hiki ʻana o nā fungicides he kau, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike i ka hopena o ke kauwela a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hāʻule ma mua o ka pūnāwai, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike.Ma kekahi mau wahi, ua ʻike ʻia nā fungicides i nā laʻana a pau i hōʻiliʻili ʻia, e hōʻike ana e ʻike ʻia kekahi mau kahawai i ka wā holoʻokoʻa…
Nā hoʻololi i ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pesticides i ka wai ʻili ma nā wahi ulu raiki Kaleponi.ʻO kēia haʻawina i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e USGS ma 2011 "i noiʻi i nā loli i ka maikaʻi o ka wai o nā māla laiki Kaleponi, he mea koʻikoʻi loa ia i ka Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta, ʻo Sacramento / San Joaquin River Delta he wahi koʻikoʻi no nā mea kūlohelohe he nui.92 pesticides a me pesticide degradation huahana i kānana wai laʻana ua kālailai 'ia e ke kinoea chromatography/mass spectrometry.Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Azoxystrobin a me azoxystrobin a me nā huahana degradation pesticide i kēlā me kēia laʻana.ʻO 3,4-DCA (ka huahana decomposition nui o propane), ʻo 136 a me 128μg ka nui o ia mau mea. /L.Loaʻa ka propylene glycol i 60% o nā laʻana me ka pae kiʻekiʻe o 6.5μg/L.
ʻO kēia haʻawina, i paʻi ʻia ma ka International Journal of Mass Spectrometry i ka makahiki 2011, ua hoʻohana i kahi ʻano maʻalahi e helu i ʻewalu mau mea hoʻohui i loko o nā ʻano wai me ka pae ngL-1.Nā lāʻau pesticides Phosphate.Ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi i nā monocrotophos, imidacloprid, triazophos, attriazine, propanol, quinolol, a me methazine i loko o nā phosphate organik i loko o ka wai inu a me ka wai i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā wahi like ʻole o ke kūlanakauhale.
Hoʻohālikelike i ka holo ʻana o ka herbicide ākea a me nā poho volatilization: kahi noiʻi kahua ʻewalu makahiki.ʻO ka ʻatikala 2010 i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke pai "Environmental Quality" i aʻo i ka holo a me ka volatilization o diazepam a me metapropamide.Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa inā he haʻahaʻa loa nā kaomi mahu o nā herbicide ʻelua, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nalowale o ka volatilization ma mua o ka nalowale o ka holo (<0.007).ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pohō o ka alachlor i ka makahiki ma mua o 2.5%, a ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka 3% o ka noi.Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka nalowale o ka volatilization kumulative o ka herbicide ma hope o 5 mau lā mai kahi o 5-63% o metolachlor a ma kahi o 2-12% o dezine.Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nalowale o ka volatilization o nā herbicides i ka lā ma mua o ka nalowale o ka mahu i ka pō (<0.05).Ua hōʻoia kēia haʻawina ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nalowale ʻana o ka mahu o kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau maʻamau ma mua o ka nalowale o ka holo.Ma ka wahi like a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hoʻokele like, e ʻokoʻa loa ka nalowale ʻana o ka mahu lāʻau herbicide i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma muli o nā kūlana kaiapuni kūloko.”
Nā ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka pesticide ma nā muliwai kūlanakauhale ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.Mai ka makahiki 1992 a hiki i ka makahiki 2008, ua hōʻiliʻili ka haʻawina 2010 i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka United States Geological Survey i nā laʻana mai nā muliwai kūlanakauhale ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a nānā i ka loaʻa ʻana o "ʻewalu herbicides a me hoʻokahi huahana degradation."(Simazine, promer, atrazine, des-ethylatrazine ", alachlor, trifluralin, pendimethalin, tebutinol a me dakota, a me elima insecticides A me elua mau huahana degradation (toxorrif, malathion, diazinon, fipronil, fipronil sulfide, dessulfoxyfipronil a me carbaryl). Hōʻike nā hopena He nui nā ʻano koʻikoʻi, inā i luna a i lalo paha, ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ka loli ʻana ma muli o ka manawa, ka ʻāina, a me ka herbicide.
I ka makahiki 2002-05, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā pūhui ʻano anthropogenic i ʻeiwa mau ʻōnaehana wai kaiāulu mai nā kahawai.ʻO ka haʻawina i paʻi ʻia e ka United States Geological Survey (USGS) i ka makahiki 2008 ua ʻike ʻia "ma kahi o ka hapalua (134) o nā pūhui i ʻike ʻia ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i hoʻokahi manawa ma nā ʻano wai puna.ʻO ka maʻamau 47 pūhui (ma 10% a ʻoi aʻe paha) Nā Laʻana), a me 6 pūhui (chloroform, r-dezine, octazine, metolachlor, desethylatrazine a me hexahydrohexamethylcyclopentabenzopyridine) i ʻike ʻia ma mua o ka hapalua o nā laʻana HHCB.ʻo ia ka pūhui i ʻike pinepine ʻia ma nā wahi ʻelima o kēlā me kēia pūnaewele (ka makahiki a puni).ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka chloroform, aromatic hydrocarbon HHCB a me acetylhexamethyltetralin (AHTN) e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka wai ʻino ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke kīʻaha Aia ka pilina ma waena o ka hanana a me ke ola ʻana o nā herbicides.ʻO ka herbicides attriazine, simazine a me metolachlor ka mea i ʻike pinepine ʻia.ʻO kēia mau lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā huahana hoʻohaʻahaʻa o kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau maʻamau e pili mau ana i ka hui makua ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ma nā ʻano like a ʻoi aʻe paha.Loaʻa maʻamau ka hui ʻana o ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā mea hoʻohui.ʻO ka huina o nā pūhui a me kā lākou huina c Ke piʻi aʻe ka heluna o ke kūlanakauhale a me ka ʻāina mahiʻai i loko o ke kīʻaha, piʻi pinepine ka ʻike o ka hāpana.
Mai 1991 a i 2004, ka maikaʻi o ka wai o nā luawai home ma nā aquifers nui ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.ʻO kēia ka ʻatikala 2008 i paʻi ʻia e ka United States Geological Survey (USGS) ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka National Water Quality Assessment Program.“Ua lawe ʻia nā ʻano wai i ka makahiki 1991-2004.ʻOhi ʻia mai nā pūnāwai hale (ka wai inu mai nā pūnāwai pilikino i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā hale) e nānā i nā mea haumia i ka wai inu.Wahi a ka wehewehe ʻana o ke Safe Drinking Water Act, ʻike ʻia nā mea haumia ʻo ia nā mea āpau i loko o ka wai… Aia ma kahi o 23 ka nui.% ʻO nā pūnāwai he hoʻokahi mea haumia ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o MCL a i ʻole HBSL.Ma muli o ka nānā ʻana o nā laʻana mai nā luawai 1389, ua ana ʻia ka hapa nui o nā mea haumia i kēia mau laʻana…”
He loiloi ʻepekema o ka ʻimi ʻāina o ka Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me kona koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻokele kaiapuni.ʻO kēia ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia e USGS i ka makahiki 2007 ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia penei: “Hoʻololi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāina, ka maikaʻi o ka wai i loko o ke kīʻaha, me nā meaʻai, sediments a me nā mea haumia;Ma ke ʻano o nā loli lōʻihi i ka maikaʻi o ka wai o ka estuary, ʻike ʻia ka noho ʻana o ka estuary i nā mea kanu wai ma lalo o ka wai a me nā ʻāina wai kai, a me nā mea e pili ana i ka nui o nā iʻa a me nā manu wai.… “Ua loaʻa nā pesticides organika synthetic a me kekahi mau mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa i loko o ka wai o ka lepo a me nā kahawai o ke kahawai ʻo Gulf Basin.ʻO nā pesticides maʻamau ka herbicides i hoʻohana ʻia i ka kulina, soybeans a me nā kīʻaha liʻiliʻi.ʻIke ʻia nā pesticides ma nā kūlanakauhale.Aia nā pesticides i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, akā ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i kā lākou ʻike e hōʻike ana i ka helu noi a me nā ʻano e pili ana i ko lākou neʻe ʻana;Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea hoʻohaumia e kū mai ana e like me nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā hormones ma ke kahawai ʻo Gulf Basin, me ka helu kiʻekiʻe loa o ka wai hoʻoneʻe kūloko.
ʻO nā pesticides mahiʻai a me kekahi mau huahana hoʻohaʻahaʻa ma nā wahi kai ʻelima a me nā kumu o ka Chesapeake Bay ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.ʻO ka ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" i ka makahiki 2007 i aʻo i nā pesticides mahiʻai ma nā ʻāpana kai ʻelima: "I ka pūnāwai mua o 2000, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā mea hoʻohālike wai mai nā kahua he 18 ma ke Bay Chesapeake.Ka nānā ʻana i ka pesticide.I ka makahiki 2004, ua ʻike ʻia he 61 mau kikowaena o ka wā ma nā wahi kai e like me 21 mau pesticides a me 11 mau huahana degradation, ʻekolu o ia mea aia ma ka Agricultural Del Mar Peninsula: Chester River, Nantic River a me Pocomok River, aia ʻelua mau wahi ma ke komohana o ka. kūlanakauhale.Nā kahakai: ʻO ka muliwai ʻo Rhode, Procyon a me Lower Mobok Bay, me ka muliwai Hou a me ka muliwai Pokson.I loko o kēia mau haʻawina ʻelua, ʻo ka herbicides a me kā lākou mau huahana degradation ka mea maʻamau i loaʻa I ka makahiki 2000, ʻike ʻia ka pyrazine a me ka alachlor ma nā pūnaewele 18 a pau ma 2000. I ka makahiki 2004, ʻike ʻia ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka herbicide makua ma ke kahawai ʻo Chester River.I loko o kēia mau haʻawina, ʻo ka nānā ʻana ʻO ka ʻike o nā mea ʻo ka ethane sulfonic acid o 2,900 ng/L metolachlor (MESA) ma ka muliwai Nanticoke.Loaʻa ka huahana degradation MESA ma ka muliwai Pocomoke (2,100 ng/L) a me ka muliwai Chester (1,200 ng/L).ʻO ka helu analyte ma L) ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa.
ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka wai-Pesticides ma nā kahawai a me ka wai lepo.ʻO ka ʻatikala 2006 i paʻi ʻia e USGS mai 1992 a i 2001 ka manaʻo e pane: “He aha ka maikaʻi o nā kahawai a me ka wai o ka honua i ko mākou ʻāina?Pehea e loli ai ka maikaʻi i ka manawa?He aha nā ʻano kūlohelohe a me nā hana kanaka?Hoʻopilikia i ka maikaʻi o nā kahawai a me ka wai lepo.Ma hea kēia mau hopena i maopopo loa?Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka kemika wai, nā hiʻohiʻona kino, nā wahi noho o ka muliwai a me nā mea ola wai, manaʻo ka papahana NAWQA e hāʻawi i kahi ala ʻepekema e pili ana i nā pilikia wai o kēia manawa a me nā mea e kū mai ana.ʻO nā hopena o ka NAWQA e kōkua i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻike e hana i ka hoʻokele wai kūpono a me ka pale ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka wai a me nā hoʻolālā hoʻihoʻi.
Ua paʻi ʻia ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike wai o ka wai kai i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka mahiʻai ma Kaleponi i ka makahiki 1999 ma Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment.“ʻO ke kumu ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hiki ʻana mai, ke koʻikoʻi, ke kumu a me ke kumu o ka ʻawaʻawa wai o ka pollution kumu ʻole ma nā kahawai kahakai a me nā estuaries.ʻO nā mea hoʻohaumia mai nā wahi mahiʻai a me nā kūlanakauhale kokoke i ke kahawai ʻo Pajaro River, nā kahawai i koho ʻia, nā kahawai i uka, nā ʻōpala a me nā wahi ʻehiku i loko o nā auwai hoʻoheheʻe mahiʻai e ʻike ai i nā kahawai e hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe i ke kahawai.ʻEkolu lāʻau pesticides (toxaphene, DDT a me diazinon i ʻike ʻia he kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma mua o nā paepae ʻawaʻawa i paʻi ʻia no ke ola wai kūloko, ʻawaʻawa estuary pili nui i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kahe o ka muliwai.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i ka wai a me ke olakino kanaka ua hoʻohaumia ka triclosan a me kāna mau huahana decomposition ʻawaʻawa i nā loko wai maʻemaʻe.ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i paʻi ʻia ma 2013 e Environmental Science and Technology i hōʻike i nā sediment o nā loko wai ma Minnesota, me Lake Superior.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Dr. Bill Arnold, ke kaukaʻi ma ke Kulanui o Minnesota, ʻo Kauka Bill Arnold: "Ua ʻike mākou aia ma nā loko a pau, aia ka triclosan i loko o nā sediments, a mai ka hana ʻana o triclosan i ka makahiki 1964, ʻo ka manaʻo holoʻokoʻa. ua mahuahua.A hiki i kēia lā.Ua ʻike nō hoʻi mākou aia ʻehiku mau pūhui ʻē aʻe he derivatives a i ʻole nā ​​​​huahana degradation o triclosan, aia nō hoʻi i loko o nā sediments, a piʻi aʻe ko lākou ʻike i ka manawa. "ʻIke ʻia kekahi mau huahana decomposition e ka poʻe ʻepekema He polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), kahi papa o nā kemika i ʻike ʻia he mea ʻona i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona hihiu.E heluhelu i ka helu "Pesticide Removal Daily News", Ianuali 2013.
ʻO ka hanana a me nā kumu kumu o nā insecticides pyrethroid i loko o nā sediment muliwai o ʻehiku mau wahi metropolitan ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.ʻO kēia haʻawina 2012 i paʻi ʻia ma Environmental Science and Technology i loiloi i ka ʻikepili aupuni e pili ana i nā insecticides pyrethroid., Ua ʻike ʻia "hoʻokahi a ʻoi aʻe paha nā pyrethroids i ʻike ʻia ma kahi kokoke i ka hapalua o nā laʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka bifenthrin ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa.Loaʻa pinepine ʻia (41%), a loaʻa ma kēlā me kēia wahi metropolitan.ʻIke ʻia ʻO ka pinepine o ka cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, permethrin a me permethrin he haʻahaʻa loa.ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka pyrethroid concentration a me ka hyaluronic acid i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā lā he 28 ma mua o ka nui o nā noiʻi muliwai kūlanakauhale.ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka logarithmic o ka nui o nā pyrethroids Ua pili nui nā ʻāpana ʻona (TU) i nā helu ola, a ʻo ka bifenthrin paha ke kuleana no ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻona i ʻike ʻia.Hōʻike kēia haʻawina e loaʻa mau nā pyrethroids i loko o nā sediment muliwai kūlanakauhale a hiki ke waiho ʻia i loko o nā muliwai Nā mea ʻona.ʻāina.”
ʻO nā biomarkers urinary o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka prenatal Atrazine a me nā hopena hānau ʻino i ka hui hānau hānau PELAGIE.Ua paʻi ʻia kēia haʻawina ma ka "Environmental Health Perspective" a "e loiloi i ka pilina ma waena o nā hopena hānau ʻino a me nā biomarkers urinary o ka prenatal atrazine exposure.ʻO ka pilina ma waena o kēia mau lāʻau lapaʻau ʻelua a me ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā hua kulina (octazine, pretilachlor, metolachlor a me acetochlor)… Ua hoʻohana kēia haʻawina i kahi hoʻolālā cohort case, a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hihia ma 2002 I ka hui hānau hānau mua i mālama ʻia ma Brittany, Palani a hiki i 2006. Ua hōʻiliʻili mākou i nā hōʻailona mimi mai nā wahine hāpai e nānā i nā biomarkers o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka pesticide ma mua o ka lā 19.ʻO kēia haʻawina ka mea mua e loiloi i ka pilina ma waena o nā hopena hānau a me nā triazines a me nā triazines.Nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka hui ʻana o nā biomarkers mimi he nui o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka herbicide chloroacetanilide.No nā ʻāina kahi e hoʻohana mau ʻia ai ka atrazine, ʻo nā mea hōʻike e pili ana i nā hopena hānau ʻino ua huki ʻia ka manaʻo kūikawā.
ʻO ka loiloi pono kanaka o nā lāʻau herbicide ma loko a ma kahi o Delta Lake ma Oregon, ua aʻo ka hōʻike 2011 i hoʻopuka ʻia e ke Kōmike Kūkākūkā Kūlohelohe a me nā Kuleana Kuleana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā lāʻau herbicide i nā ululāʻau kokoke i nā ʻohana a me nā hopena olakino i kēia mau ʻohana."Ma hope o Weyerhaeuser i hana ai i ka ea ma ka lā 8 ʻApelila a me ʻApelila 19, kēlā me kēia, ua hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻano mimi mai 34 mau kamaʻāina, me nā kamaʻāina, i ka hale hana ʻo Emory University a hoʻāʻo ʻia no a me 2, ʻO ke alo o 4-D.Ua ho'āʻo maikaʻi ʻia nā laʻana urea a pau he kanakolukūmāhā no nā herbicide ʻelua.ʻElua mau hiʻohiʻona: piʻi ka mimi a kahi kanaka makua o ka atrazine i ka 129 i ka mimi ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lewa %, ka piʻi ʻana o 31% i ka mimi 2,4-D, he 163% ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka mimi o ka atrazine i ka mimi o kahi wahine makua. kama'āina, a me 54 a me kekahi mau mahina aku nei i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pae baseline, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka pākēneka o 2,4-D i ka mimi ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ea.Mai ka manaʻo o nā kūlana pono kanaka, hiki i kēia ke kumu i ke kuleana o ke keʻena. "
ʻO nā maʻi pesticide koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka pesticide ma waho o ka pahuhopu i hana ʻia e nā noi mahiʻai: 11 mau ʻāina, 1998-2006, ua paʻi ʻia ke aʻo ʻana ma ka "Environmental Health Perspective", "manaʻo i ka nui o nā maʻi ʻeha i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana o ka pesticide i nā noi mahiʻai waho Rate. , a hōʻike i ka ʻike drift a me ka maʻi."Hōʻike nā hopena: "Mai 1998 a 2006, loaʻa iā mākou he 2945 mau hihia e pili ana i ka nalowale o nā pesticides mahiʻai mai 11 mau mokuʻāina.Hōʻike kā mākou ʻike he 47% o ka poʻe i Exposure ma ka hana, 92% o nā kānaka i loaʻa i nā maʻi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, a me 14% o nā keiki (<15 mau makahiki).I loko o kēia mau makahiki 9, ʻo ka helu makahiki mai ka 1.39 a i ka 5.32 i kēlā me kēia miliona kānaka.Ma Kaleponi Ma waena o nā kalana mahiʻai ʻelima, ʻo ka nui o ka nui o nā limahana mahiʻai (miliona kanaka-makahiki) he 114.3, ʻo nā limahana ʻē aʻe he 0.79, ʻaʻole noho ʻia he 1.56, a he 42.2 ka poʻe noho.ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā fumigants i ka lepo no ka hapa nui loa (45%) ʻO nā noi mokulele he 24% o nā hihia.ʻO nā kumu maʻamau e hoʻopiʻi ai i nā hihia drift e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka wā, ka hoʻopaʻa pono ʻole ʻana i nā kahua fumigation, a me ka mālama ʻole o nā mea noi kokoke i nā wahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia.Ua hoʻopau ka haʻawina: "Ma muli o ka hele hewa ʻana, ʻo nā limahana mahiʻai a me nā kamaʻāina i nā wahi mahiʻai ke kiʻekiʻe loa o ka make pesticide, a ʻo ka fumigation lepo ka pōʻino nui, e alakaʻi ana i nā pōʻino nui.Hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena noiʻi i nā wahi e hiki ai ke hoʻemi ʻia nā hana mai nā deviations.
He mea koʻikoʻi anei nā lāʻau lapaʻau waha i ka estrogenicity o ka wai inu?Ua nānā ka haʻawina 2011 i nā puke e pili ana i nā kumu like ʻole o ka estrogen i ka ʻili, ka wai a me ka wai inu e hoʻoholo ai inā ʻo OC ke kumu o ka estrogen i loko o ka wai kai, e kālele ana i nā moleke ikaika mai OC.Ua ʻike ka mea kākau ʻaʻole i hoʻokuʻu wale nā ​​kumu waiwai ʻoihana a me nā mahiʻai i ka estrogen, akā hoʻokuʻu pū kekahi i nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe e hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i ka estrogen.Hoʻonui kēia mau pūhui i ka haumia estrogen holoʻokoʻa o kā mākou lako wai.Ua ʻike ʻia ka haʻawina i nā pesticides ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i ka estrogen i ka wai.Ua kapa ʻia kekahi mau pesticides he xenoestrogens.Hoʻohālike lākou i ka estrogen a hoʻopau i ka ʻōnaehana endocrine.ʻO ke aʻo ʻana "He mea koʻikoʻi ka hana ʻana o nā contraceptive waha i ka estrogen i ka wai inu?"ua paʻi ʻia ma Environmental Science and Technology.Heluhelu mai i ka "Pesticide Removal Daily News" mai Dekemaba 2010.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona menstrual cycle a me nā pae hormone reproductive o nā wahine i hōʻike ʻia i ka azine i ka wai inu "Environmental Research" ʻO ka hōʻike i paʻi ʻia ma 2011 "ua aʻo i ka pilina ma waena o ka ʻike ʻana i ka azine i ka wai inu a me ka hana menstrual cycle (me nā pae hormone reproductive).ʻO ka pilina ma waena o 18-40 mau makahiki o nā wāhine e noho ana i nā kaiaulu mahiʻai i pane i ka nīnau nīnau (n = 102) i ka hihia o ka hoʻohana nuiʻana i ka atrazine (Illinois) a me ka hoʻohana haʻahaʻa o ka atrazine (Vermont).Hāʻawi ʻia ka diary menstrual cycle (n=67), a me nā laʻana mimi i kēlā me kēia lā no ka nānā ʻana i ka luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol a me ka progesterone metabolites (n=35).ʻO nā hōʻailona hōʻike e pili ana i ke kūlana noho, ka wai paipu, ka wai kūloko A me ka neʻe ʻana o ka atrazine a me ka chlorotriazine i loko o ka mimi, a me ka nui o ka inu wai.Hiki i nā wāhine e noho ana ma Illinois ke hōʻike i nā kaʻina menstrual kūponoʻole (odds (OR) = 4.69; 95% confidence interval (CI)): 1.58-13.95), aʻo ka manawa ma waena oʻelua mahina ma mua o 6 wiki (OR = 6.16; 95% CI: 1.29-29.38).ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā o> 2 mau kīʻaha o ka wai Illinois unfiltered e hoʻonui i nā manawa kūpono ʻole (OR = 5.73; 95% CI: 1.58-20.77).ʻO ka "dose" i manaʻo ʻia o ka r a me ka chlorotriazine i loko o ka wai paipu e like me ka awelika metabolites o ka estradiol i ka manawa luteal waena.ʻO ka "dose" o ke kaona o ka dezine pili pono i ka lōʻihi o ka manawa follicular, a pili ʻole i ka pae metabolite maʻamau o ka progesterone i ka lua o ka luteal.ʻO nā hōʻike mua a mākou e hāʻawi nei e hōʻike ana he haʻahaʻa ka pae hoʻolaha o ka atrazine ma mua o ka US EPA MCL, e pili ana i ka piʻi ʻole o ka menstrual cycle.ʻO ka lōʻihi e pili ana i ka emi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe o nā biomarkers endocrine i ka menstrual cycle o ka infertility.
ʻO ka loiloi i ka pilikia o ka holo ʻana o nā pesticide turfgrass i ka wai inu.Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo Cornell University (Cornell University) i ka makahiki 2011 i kahi loiloi olakino olakino o ke kanaka no ka holo ʻana o nā pesticide mai nā lau a me nā papa kolepa ma 9 mau wahi kanaka ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Destiny a me ka papahana kumu hoʻohālike.Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻano pesticide o 37 turf pesticides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma nā papa kolepa me nā kūlana wai inu… No nā ala kūpono, ua hoʻopuka ʻo isoproturon a me 24-D i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi a mau loa ma mua o 3 mau wahi.ʻO nā pilikia wale nō o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka chlorobutanil ma nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā pālule i loaʻa.Hiki i ka MCPA, ka mauʻu dione a me ka 24-D i hoʻohana ʻia i nā lau nahele ke hoʻopilikia i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi a mau loa.ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka acephate i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā alanui me ka RQ≥0.01 koʻikoʻi ma nā wahi ʻehā ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa, a ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka oxadiazon i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka lau me ka RQ≥0.01 mau loa ma Houston ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa.ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka pesticide ma ke alanui ākea, a ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa o ka pesticide ma ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo.Uaʻikeʻia ka hopena nui loa ma nā wahi me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ua makahiki a me nā kau ulu lōʻihi, aʻo ka hopena liʻiliʻi iʻikeʻia ma nā wahi me ka ua haʻahaʻa.Hōʻike kēia mau hopena i ka poʻe e noho ana ma nā wahi ua nui ka nui o ka ʻike ʻana i nā pesticides turf i loko o kā lākou wai inu ma mua o ka wānana a ka US Environmental Protection Agency.”
ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ka nitrate a me ka pilikia o ka maʻi maʻi thyroid a me ka maʻi thyroid.Ua noiʻi ʻia kahi noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma Epidemiology i ka makahiki 2010 i ka ʻai ʻana o ka nitrate i nā lako wai ākea a me nā meaʻai i loko o kahi pūʻulu o 21977 wahine kahiko ma Iowa.ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ke komo ʻana a me ka maʻi maʻi thyroid a me ka pilikia o ka hypothyroidism a me ka hyperthyroidism.Ua kākau inoa lākou i ka makahiki 1986 a ua hoʻohana i ke kumu wai hoʻokahi no nā makahiki he 10.Ua hōʻike nā hopena i nā wahine i hoʻohana i nā lako wai ākea me ka pae nitrate o 5 milligrams i ka lita (mg / lita) a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe no nā makahiki ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelima mau makahiki, ua aneane ʻekolu mau piʻi o ka maʻi maʻi thyroid.ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻai nitrate meaʻai e pili ana me ka piʻi ʻana o ka pilikia thyroid a me ka prevalence o hypothyroidism, akā ʻaʻole me ka hyperthyroidism.Manaʻo ka poʻe noiʻi e kāohi ka nitrates i ka hiki o ka thyroid ke hoʻohana i ka iodide, pono ia no ka hana thyroid.Ua paʻi ʻia ka "Study on Nitrate Intake and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer and Thyroid Disease" ma ka epidemiology.Heluhelu i nā ʻatikala "Pesticide Removal Daily News" mai Iulai 2010.
Pesticides and Birth Defects in Surface Water in the United States ʻO kēia haʻawina, i paʻi ʻia ma Acta Paediatrica i ka makahiki 2009, ua noiʻi "inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pilikia o ka hānau ʻana i nā pēpē hānau ola i nā mahina me nā pesticides wai kiʻekiʻe loa ... hoʻopau ʻia ʻO ka hopena ʻo "ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka pesticide ma waena o nā pēpē hānau ola LMP mai ʻApelila a Iulai i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pilikia o ka hānau ʻana i nā pēpē i ka wai ili.ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki i kēia haʻawina ke hōʻoia i kahi pilina kumu ma waena o nā pesticides a me nā kīnā hānau, hiki i kēia hui ke hāʻawi i nā hōʻailona i nā mea maʻamau i kaʻana like ʻia e kēia mau ʻano ʻelua.E heluhelu i ka helu "Pesticide Removal Daily News" mai ʻApelila 2009.
Loaʻa ka dioxins i loko o ka triclosan i ka wai.Ua noiʻi ʻia kahi haʻawina i paʻi ʻia ma 2010 e Environmental Science and Technology i nā laʻana sediment core i loaʻa nā moʻolelo o ka haumia mai Pepin Lake i nā makahiki he 50 i hala.ʻO Ping Lake kahi ʻāpana o ka muliwai ʻo Mississippi 120 mau mile ma lalo o Minneapolis-St.Paul Metropolitan Area.A laila ua kālailai ʻia nā laʻana sediment no triclosan, triclosan a me ʻehā dioxins i loko o ka ʻohana kemika dioxin holoʻokoʻa.Ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi ʻoiai ua hāʻule nā ​​pae o nā dioxins ʻē aʻe e 73-90% i nā makahiki he ʻekolu i hala iho nei, ua piʻi nā pae o nā dioxins ʻehā i loaʻa mai ka triclosan e 200-300%.E heluhelu i ka nūhou i kēlā me kēia lā Ma waho o nā Pesticides, Mei 2010.
ʻO ka inu wai maikaʻi a me ka maʻi o Parkinson ma nā kuaʻāina o Kaleponi.Ua paʻi ʻia ke aʻo ʻana i ka makahiki 2009 ma ka "Environmental Health Perspective" a ua aʻo i 26 pesticides, ʻoi aku ka 6 pesticides."E koho iā lākou no ka mea hiki ke hoʻohaumia i ka wai o ka honua a i ʻole no ka mea ʻino lākou iā PD.Ua koho ʻia, a ma kahi o 10% o kā mākou heluna kanaka i hōʻike ʻia.ʻO lākou: diazinon, toxrif, propargyl, paraquat, dimethoate a me methomyl.ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ka proppropgite pili loa i ka hanana ʻana o PD, me ka piʻi ʻana o 90% o ka pilikia.Hoʻohana mau ʻia ia ma Kaleponi, ka nui no nā nati, kulina a me nā hua waina.He lāʻau kemika maʻamau i ka lā a pau, pili i ka 87% kiʻekiʻe o ka PD.ʻOiai ua pāpā ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hale noho i ka makahiki 2001, hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma nā mea kanu ma Kaleponi.Ua hoʻonui pū ʻo Methomyl i ka maʻi e 67%.Heluhelu i ka helu "Pesticide Removal Daily News", ʻAukake 2009.
ʻO ka wai kahe o ka hale ke kumu o nā pesticides pyrethroid i nā kahawai kūlanakauhale.Ua noiʻi ʻia kahi haʻawina i paʻi ʻia ma "Environmental Pollution" i ka makahiki 2009 i "ka holo ʻana ma nā wahi noho kokoke i Sacramento, Kaleponi… no hoʻokahi makahiki.Aia nā pyrethroids i kēlā me kēia la'ana.Aia ʻo Bifenthrin i ka wai ʻO ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe loa ʻo 73 ng/L, a ʻo ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe loa i ka sediment i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo 1211 ng/g.ʻO Pyrethroids nā mea noiʻi toxicological koʻikoʻi, a ukali ʻia e cypermethrin a me cyfluthrin.Hiki mai ka Bifenthrin mai ka ʻai ʻana ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka kūlike o ke ʻano o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana mai nā ʻauwaha me ka hoʻohana ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he kumu nui no ka hoʻohana ʻana e nā limahana a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻokele pest.I ka lawe ʻana i nā pyrethroids i nā kahawai o ke kūlanakauhale, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wai ua ma mua o ke kahe wai i ka wā maloʻo.Hiki i nā ʻino ikaika ke hoʻokuʻu i 250 mau ʻāpana o ka wai bifenthrin i nā muliwai kūlanakauhale i loko o 3 mau hola, a he ʻoiaʻiʻo nō hoʻi kēia i loko o 6 mau mahina o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wai.
Ua paʻi ʻia ka ʻona o nā pyrethroids a me nā pesticides organophosphate i ʻelua mau kahawai kahakai (Kalepona, USA) ma "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" i ka makahiki 2012, kahi i aʻo ai i nā loli i ka ʻike a me ka ʻona o nā organophosphates a me nā pyrethroids.“Ua hōʻike ʻia he ʻumi mau wahi ma nā wahi haʻawina ʻehā.Hoʻokahi wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ke kūlanakauhale a ʻo ke koena aia ma nā wahi hana mahiʻai.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻauʻau wai ʻauʻau (Ceriodaphnia dubia) e loiloi i ka ʻona wai, a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka amphibian Hyalella Azteca no ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻona o ka sediment.Ua hōʻike ʻia ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻike kemika ʻo ka hapa nui o ka wai i ʻike ʻia ma muli o nā pesticides organophosphate, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea ʻawaʻawa, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻawaʻawa sediment ma muli o ka hui ʻana o nā pesticides pyrethroid.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāina mahiʻai a me ke kūlanakauhale ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻona o kēia mau lāʻau pesticides i ka wai e pili ana…”
Hoʻohana nā ʻalemona i nā organophosphates a me nā pyrethroids ma ke awāwa ʻo San Joaquin a me kā lākou mau pilikia pili kaiapuni.Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia haʻawina 2012 i paʻi ʻia ma ka Journal of Soils and Sediments i ka California Pesticide Use Reports database no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka The use trend of organic phosphorus (OP) and pyrethroids in almonds from 1992 to 2005. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides OP i kēlā me kēia nui o nā ʻalemona. ua hoemiia.Eia naʻe, ʻike ʻia nā hopena o nā pesticides pyrethroid.Ma kēia haʻawina, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pyrethroids i ke kaiapuni ma mua o OP.Hōʻike nā hopena "ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides i ka mahiʻai koʻikoʻi a me nā pōʻino pili i ke kaiapuni i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka biodiversity."
ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ka neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid i loko o ka wai ʻili o ʻekolu mau wahi mahiʻai ma Kaleponi, USA, 2010-2011, ʻo ka noiʻi 2012 i paʻi ʻia ma ka 2012 Environmental Pollution and Toxicology Bulletin i hōʻiliʻili i ʻekolu mau wahi mahiʻai ma Kaleponi 75 mau mea hoʻohālike wai ili ma ka moku, a me ka Ua kālailai ʻia ka "neonicotinoids" insecticide imidacloprid.Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā laʻana i ka wā maloʻo o ka wai ma Kaleponi i ka makahiki 2010 a me 2011. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Imidacloprid ma 67 mau mea hoʻohālike (89%).Ua ʻoi aku ka manaʻo ma mua o ka 1.05μg/L (19%) o nā mea ola wai invertebrate maʻamau i nā laʻana 14 o ka US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).ʻOi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā alakaʻi ʻona i hoʻokumu ʻia no ʻEulopa a me Kanada.Hōʻike nā hopena i ka neʻe pinepine ʻana o ka imidacloprid i nā wahi ʻē aʻe a hoʻohaumia i ka wai o ka ʻili, a hiki i kona ʻike ʻana ke hoʻopōʻino i nā meaola wai ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana ma lalo o nā kūlana mahiʻai ma Kaleponi.”
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka fungicide chlorthalidone a me ka corticosterone i nā amphibians, immunity a me ka make ʻana he non-linear.Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina i paʻi ʻia ma ka "Environmental Health View" i ka makahiki 2011 i ka fungicide i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo chlorothalonil Low doses hiki ke pepehi i nā rana.Wahi a ka poʻe noiʻi, ua manaʻo ʻia ka pollution kemika ʻo ia ka lua o ka hoʻoweliweli nui loa i nā ʻano wai a me nā amphibian ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.Ma muli o ka nui o nā ʻōnaehana amphibian koʻikoʻi e like me ke kanaka, manaʻo ka poʻe noiʻi he kumu hoʻohālike i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia nā amphibians no ke aʻo ʻana i ka hopena o nā mea kemika i ke olakino kanaka i ke kaiapuni, a hoʻomaka e helu i ka pane o nā amphibians i ka chlorothalonil.Heluhelu i ka helu "Pesticide Removal Daily News", ʻApelila 2011.
Ka hopena o ka ʻenehana hoʻomalu ant i ka holo ʻana o ka pesticide a me ka maikaʻi ʻO kēia haʻawina 2010 i paʻi ʻia ma ka Pest Management Science ua noiʻi i ka holo ʻana o nā ʻanuʻu a puni nā hale noho (ʻoi aku ka bifenthrin a i ʻole ka fipronil sprays)."I ka makahiki 2007, he 14.9 microg L (-1) ka 14.9 microg L (-1) ma hope o ka mālama ʻana, a ʻo 2.5 microg L (-1) ma 8 mau pule.He mea ʻawaʻawa i nā mea ola wai.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ma hope o 8 mau pule o ka mālama ʻana me nā granules bifenthrin, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka ʻike i ka wai kahe.ʻO ka awelika o ka fipronil i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻōpala peripheral ma hope o ka mālama ʻana he 4.2 micrograms L (-1) no 1 pule a me 0.01 micrograms L (-1) ma 8 pule.Hōʻike pū ka waiwai mua e pili ana paha ia i nā meaola.I ka makahiki 2008, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wahi e hoʻopuʻi ʻole ʻia a me nā noi peripheral o ke kahe o ka nila i hoʻemi ʻia i ka holo ʻana mai nā pesticides.
ʻO ka lawe ʻana i nā pesticide ma ka ʻili o ka mauʻu ilo: ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻano pesticide a me ka halihali lehulehu.Ua paʻi ʻia ke aʻo ʻana ma ka puke pai Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry ma 2010. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka hoʻokolohua e "ana i ka turf e like me ka nui o nā pesticides i ka holo ʻana mai nā alanui kolepa" ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kumu e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kemika a me ka halihali lehulehu.I ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana mai ka mākeke, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka rif poisonous, fluoroacetonitrile, methacrylic acid (MCPP), dimethylamine paʻakai o 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2 ,4-D) a i ʻole 1% a 23% o ka dicamba ma mua o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia (62 + /- 13 mm), ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hana pesticide ma kahi mākaʻikaʻi o 23 +/- 9 mau hola.ʻAʻole pili nui ka ʻokoʻa manawa ma waena o ke kanu ʻana i ke kumu hollow tine a me ka runoff i ka holo ʻana a i ʻole ka pākēneka o nā kemika i hoʻohana ʻia i ka holo.Koe wale no ka pu awaawa, ua ikeia na kinikini a pau o ka hoihoi i ka laana holo mua a me ka hanana holo holo holookoa.Ke hahai nei nā palapala ʻāina kemika o kēia mau pesticides ʻelima i ke au o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka mobility e pili ana i ka coefficient partition carbon organic soil (K(OC)).ʻO ka ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai kēia haʻawina e hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana i nā mea kemika i loko o ka turf runoff, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻohālike i nā simulation e wānana i ka hiki ke hoʻohaumia i ke kumu kumu ʻole a me ka manaʻo i nā pōʻino kaiaola.”
Hoʻokomo ʻo Atrazine i ka wahine piha a me ka castration kemika i nā rana kāne ʻApelika (Xenopus laevis).ʻO kēia haʻawina, i paʻi ʻia ma ka Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ma 2010, "hōʻoia i ka hopena hānau o ka atrazine i nā amphibians makua.Hoʻopau ʻia nā kāne i ʻike ʻia i ka rdesine (castration kemika) Ua hoʻohui hou ʻia ʻo ia i ka wahine makua.ʻO 10% o nā kāne genetic i hōʻike ʻia i hoʻomohala ʻia i mau wahine hana, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā kāne i ʻike ʻole ʻia a hana i nā hua me nā hua.ʻO nā kāne i loaʻa i ka radixine e loaʻa i ka testosterone hoʻemi ʻia, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o nā ʻōpū hānau, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka larynx he demasculine/feminized, pale ʻia ka hana male, hoʻemi ʻia ka spermatogenesis, a hoʻemi ʻia ka momona.ʻO kēia haʻawina "Atrazine i hoʻokomo i nā wahine piha i nā rana kāne ʻApelika (Xenopus laevis) i hoʻopuka ʻia ma "Chemistry and Chemical Castration".E heluhelu i ka nūhou i kēlā me kēia lā ma waho o nā pesticides, Malaki 2010.
ʻO ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka triclosan i loko o nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai a me kona mau hopena ʻona i nā biofilms muliwai.ʻO kēia haʻawina i paʻi ʻia ma ka Aquatic Toxicology i ka makahiki 2010 i nānā i nā hopena o ka triclosan i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai Mediterranean ma luna o nā algae a me nā bacteria..“Hoʻohana ʻia kahi pūʻulu o nā kaila hoʻokolohua e hoʻāʻo ai i nā hopena pōkole o ka triclosan ma luna o ka biofilm algae a me ka bacteria (mai ka 0.05 a i ka 500 μgL-1).ʻO ke kumu o ka triclosan e pili ana i ke kaiapuni e alakaʻi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka make bacteria, a ʻo ka ʻike ʻole o ka hopena (NEC) ʻo 0.21 μgL-1.Ma ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe loa i hoʻāʻo ʻia, ʻo ka bacteria make i helu ʻia no 85% o ka nui o nā hua bacteria.ʻOi aku ka ʻona o Triclosan i ka bacteria ma mua o ka algae.Ke piʻi aʻe ka manaʻo o ka triclosan (NEC = 0.42μgL-1), ka hana photosynthesis Ua kāohi ʻia, a ua hoʻemi ʻia ka mīkini hoʻopau ʻole photochemical.ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike triclosan e pili pū ana i ka hiki o nā cell diatom.ʻO ka ʻawaʻawa o ka algae ma muli paha o ka hopena pili ʻole i ka ʻawaʻawa biofilm, akā ʻike ʻia ia ma nā hopena pili pili i nā algae ʻO ka emi ʻana a me ka mālie o nā hopena e hōʻike ana i ka hopena pololei o ka fungicide.ʻO ka ʻona i ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻāpana ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e noho pū ana i loko o ka biofilm, ka hiki i ka triclosan ke ola ma o ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe wai a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ʻōnaehana Mediterranean. .”
Ua paʻi ʻia nā insecticides pyrethroid i loko o nā kahawai salmon ma nā kūlanakauhale o ka Pacific Northwest ma "Environmental Pollution" i ka makahiki 2010, "Sediments in Oregon and Washington State… ʻO kā lākou mau mea ʻawaʻawa nui loa" i nā invertebrates koʻikoʻi.Ma kahi o hoʻokahi hapakolu o nā laʻana sediment 35 i loaʻa nā pyrethroids hiki ke ana.E pili ana i ka ʻawaʻawa o nā mea ola wai, ʻo ka bifenthrin ka pyrethroid hopohopo nui loa, e kūlike me nā haʻawina mua ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe.”
Hoʻemi ʻo Atrazine i ka hana hou ʻana o nā iʻa momona (Pimephales promelas).ʻO kēia haʻawina i paʻi ʻia i ka makahiki 2010 i loko o ka aquatic toxicology i hōʻike ʻia i ka iʻa momona i ka atrazine a nānā i nā hopena i ka hana hua manu, nā mea ʻino a me nā pae hormone.Ma lalo o nā kumu alakaʻi o ka maikaʻi o ka wai o ka EPA, ʻike ʻia nā iʻa i ka ʻike ʻana mai ka 0 a 50 micrograms no ka lita o ka desine a hiki i 30 mau lā.Ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi e hoʻopau ka atrazine i ka pōʻaiapili hānau maʻamau, a ʻaʻole e waiho ka iʻa i nā hua he nui ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i ka atrazine.Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā iʻa i ʻike ʻole ʻia, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hua manu o nā iʻa i ʻike ʻia i ka atrazine i loko o 17 a 20 mau lā ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana.He mau hua liʻiliʻi ka iʻa i ʻike ʻia i ka atrazine, a he mea ʻino ka ʻiʻo hānau o nā kāne a me nā wahine.Heluhelu i ka "Nūhou o kēlā me kēia lā ma waho o nā Pesticides", Iune 2010.
ʻO ka hopena o nā nanoparticles i nā embryos o nā iʻa momona ʻeleʻele.ʻO kēia haʻawina i paʻi ʻia ma Ecotoxicology i ka makahiki 2010 i hōʻike i ka iʻa poʻo ʻeleʻele i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano nanoparticle i hoʻokuʻu ʻia a hoʻoulu ʻia paha no 96 mau hola i kekahi mau pae o kona hoʻomohala ʻana.I ka ʻae ʻia ʻana o ka nanosilver e hoʻopaʻa, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka ʻawaʻawa o ka hopena i nā manawa he nui, akā naʻe ke kumu i ka deformity o nā iʻa liʻiliʻi.Me ka nānā ʻole ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ka ultrasound, hiki i ka nano-silver ke hana i nā hewa, me ka hemorrhage poʻo a me ka edema, a hiki i ka make.Ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi ʻo ka nanosilver i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻopaneʻe ʻia i loko o kahi hopena he mea ʻawaʻawa a make i nā minnows ʻona.ʻO ka iʻa momona kekahi ʻano mea ola i hoʻohana mau ʻia e ana i ka ʻawaʻawa i ke ola wai.E heluhelu i ka nūhou i kēlā me kēia lā ma waho o nā pesticides, Malaki 2010.
Hōʻike ka hōʻike meta-analysis qualitative i nā hopena kūlike o ka radix i nā iʻa wai piha a me nā amphibians.ʻO ka noiʻi 2009 i paʻi ʻia ma ka "Environmental Health Perspective" i kālailai ʻia ma mua o 100 mau noiʻi ʻepekema i mālama ʻia ma 100 radix.Ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi he hopena sublethal indirect ʻo Tianjin i nā iʻa a me nā amphibians, ʻoi aku ka luku ʻana i ka pale., Nā Hormone a me ka ʻōnaehana hānau."Ua hoʻemi ʻo Atrazine i ka nui o ka metamorphosis a i ʻole kokoke i ka metamorphosis ma 15 o 17 mau haʻawina a me 14 o 14 mau ʻano.Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Atrazine i nā amphibians a me nā iʻa ma 12 o 13 mau haʻawina.I loko o 6 o nā haʻawina 7, ua hōʻemi ʻia ka hana anti-predator ma 6 o nā haʻawina 7, a ua hoʻemi ʻia ka hiki o ka olfactory o ka iʻa i nā amphibians.ʻO ka ho'ēmiʻana o 13 immune function endpoints a me 16 infection endpoints i pili me ka ho'ēmiʻana o Ma 7 o 10 mau haʻawina, ua hoʻololi ka deflux ma kahi o hoʻokahi hiʻohiʻona o ka morphology gonadal a hoʻomau i ka hopena i ka hana gonadal.Ma 2 o 2 mau haʻawina, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka spermatogenesis i 7 mau haʻawina.Ua hoʻololi ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o nā hormones sex ma 6 o nā haʻawina.ʻAʻole pili ʻo Atrazine i ka vitellogenin i nā haʻawina 5, a ua hoʻohui ʻia ka aromatase i 1 wale nō o nā haʻawina 6.Heluhelu i ka "Agrochemical Daily News", ʻOkakopa 2009.
Nā mea haumia organohalogen a me nā metabolites i loko o ka lolo o nā iʻa ma ke komohana ʻĀkelanika ʻĀkau.ʻO kahi hōʻike noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma ka "Environmental Pollution" i ka makahiki 2009 i ʻike i kekahi mau mea haumia, me nā pesticides organochlorine (OCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), Hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs), methylsulfonyl PCBs (MeSO2-PCBs, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) Loaʻa nā mea retardants a me OH-PBDE i loko o ka wai cerebrospinal a me ka cerebellar gray matter o kekahi mau mammals moana, me nā dolphin maʻamau nuku pōkole, nā iʻa iʻa keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo Atlantika a me nā sila hina. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana o nā PCB i loko o ka wai cerebrospinal i hoʻopaʻa ʻia hina hina he hoʻokahi hapa o ka miliona.
Mai ka makahiki 1995 a hiki i ka makahiki 2004, ua laha nui ka bisexuality ma ka muliwai o Amerika (Micropterus spp.).ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i ka makahiki 2009, i paʻi ʻia ma Aquatic Toxicology, loiloi i ka bisexuality ma waena o nā iʻa wai maʻemaʻe ma ʻeiwa mau kahawai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.“ʻO nā oocytes Testicular (ʻo ka nui o nā hōʻike kāne kāne i loaʻa nā sela germ wahine) ke ʻano maʻamau o ka moe kolohe i ʻike ʻia, ʻoiai ua nānā ʻia ka helu like o nā iʻa kāne (n = 1477) a me ka wahine (n = 1633).Loaʻa ka bisexuality ma 3% o nā iʻa.Ma waena o nā ʻano ʻano he 16 i nānā ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia he 4 ʻano (25%) a me 34 iʻa (31%) ma nā wahi he 111.ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka bisexuality ma nā ʻano he nui ma ka wahi hoʻokahi, akā maʻamau ia i nā bass largemouth (Micropterus salmoides; nā kāne 18%) a me nā bass liʻiliʻi (M. dolomieu; nā kāne 33%).ʻO ka nui o nā iʻa bisexual i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka bass largemouth he 8-91%, a ʻo ka bass liʻiliʻi he 14-73%.Ma ka hikina hema o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka bisexuality, ma Apalachicola, ʻo Sa Bisexual largemouth bass aia ma nā wahi āpau ma ka muliwai Fanner a me Xiaojian.ʻAʻole pili i ka bisexuality, ka nui o ka mercury, trans-HCB, p, p'-DDE, p, p'-DDD a me nā PCB i nānā ʻia ʻO ia ka mea hoʻohaumia kemika i ʻike pinepine ʻia ma nā wahi āpau.
He pūʻulu o nā mea haumia: Pehea ka hopena o nā hui pesticide haʻahaʻa i nā kaiāulu wai.ʻO kēia hōʻike noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma Oecologia ma 2009 "e aʻo pehea e hoʻohana ai i ʻelima pesticides (malathion, carbaryl, poisoning rif, Diazinon a me endosulfan) a me ʻelima herbicides (glyphosate, atrazine, acetochlor), haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (2-16 ppb) o ka alachlor, alachlor. a me 2,4-D) E hoʻopilikia ia i ke kaiāulu kai i haku ʻia me zooplankton, phytoplankton, epiphytes a me nā larval amphibians (raina lāʻau hina, rana lāʻau, leopadi variegated a me ka rana leopadi, Rana pipiens).Ua hoʻohana au i ka pāpaho waho a nānā i kēlā me kēia pesticide i kahi kaʻawale , He hui ʻana o nā pesticides, kahi hui o nā herbicides a me kahi hui ʻana o nā pesticides he ʻumi.
ʻO ka ʻawaʻawa o nā lāʻau insecticides ʻelua i nā mea ola nuklea ʻole ma Kaleponi, USA, a me kona pilina me ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā amphibians.Ua noiʻi ʻia kahi haʻawina i paʻi ʻia ma 2009 ma "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" i nā lāʻau insecticides ʻelua ma waena o Kaleponi.ʻO nā meaʻokoʻa-ʻo ka meaʻawaʻawa mau o ka rif a me ka endosulfan.ʻO ka larvae Pākīpika lāʻau rana (Pseudacris regilla) a me foothill yellow-footed frog (Rana boylii), amphibians, ua hōʻole i ka heluna kanaka a noho a hānau hou ma nā mauʻu a puni ka Sierra Nevada.Ua hōʻike nā mea noiʻi i nā larvae i nā pesticides mai Gosner pae 25 a 26 ma o ka metamorphosis.He 365 ″ g/L ma regilla ka mea i manaoia median lethal concentration (LC50) a me 66.5″ g/L no R. boylii.Ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi he ʻoi aku ka ʻona o ka endosulfan i nā mea ʻawaʻawa ʻelua ma mua o ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa, a i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka endosulfan, ʻaʻole kūpono ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻano ʻelua.Hoʻopilikia pū ʻo Endosulfan i ka ulu a me ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻano ʻelua.Heluhelu i ka "Agrochemical Daily News", Iulai 2009.
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka makuahine i nā xenobiotics a me kona hopena i nā ʻōpala ʻoniʻoni o ke kahawai o Kapalakiko.Ua ʻike ʻia kēia haʻawina 2008 i paʻi ʻia ma PNAS "8 mau makahiki o ke kula a me nā hualoaʻa noiʻi noiʻi e hōʻike ana ua loaʻa nā bass substandard i ka wā mua o ke ola o ka estuary o Kapalakiko.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea haumia make i ka estuary, a ua hoʻomau ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka mai ka hāʻule mua ʻana i nā makahiki 1970.Ua loaʻa nā PCB Biologic, polybrominated diphenyl ethers a me nā pesticides i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa i nā laʻana hua manu a pau mai nā iʻa i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka muliwai.Hiki i ka ʻenehana e hoʻohana ana i ke kumu o ka stereology unbiased ke ʻike i nā loli hoʻomohala i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma mua me nā ʻano maʻamau.Ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia o ka yolk, ka lolo a me ka ulu ʻana o ka ate, a me ka ulu holoʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā iʻa i ʻohi ʻia mai nā muliwai.
ʻO ka pane ʻana o nā kaiāulu a me nā kaiaola i nā pilikia pesticide pulsed i loko o nā kaiaola wai piha.ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i paʻi ʻia ma Ecotoxicology i ka makahiki 2008 i hoʻohana i ka media wai waho no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā hopena o ka pesticide maʻamau ʻo Sevin a me ka carbaryl mea hana ma luna o ka plankton wai ka hopena o ka pūnaewele meaʻai."Ua nānā mākou i ka pane ʻana o nā microorganisms, phytoplankton a me zooplankton kaiaulu ma kahi o ka ʻike oxygen.Ma hope koke o ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Sevin, ua hōʻea ka manaʻo carbaryl i kona kiʻekiʻe a hoʻohaʻahaʻa koke ʻia, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa o ka mālama ʻana ma hope o 30 mau lā.I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa pulse, planktonic Ua emi ka nui, ka ʻokoʻa, ka nui, a me ka ʻike oxygen o nā holoholona, ​​ʻoiai ka nui o ka phytoplankton a me nā microorganisms i hoʻonui.Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea maikaʻi o nā copods i nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe ʻekolu, ʻo ka zooplankton i ka mālama ʻana i ka pesticide kiʻekiʻe i haku ʻia ʻO ia ka rotifers.ʻOiai he nui nā ʻano kaiāulu a me nā ʻano kaiaola e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i loko o 40 mau lā ma hope o ka luku ʻia ʻana e nā pesticides pulsed, aia nō nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi a koʻikoʻi i nā microbes, phytoplankton a me zooplankton kaiaulu ma hope o ka hōʻino ʻana i ka pesticide.
He ʻano hanana i ʻike ʻole ʻia: ka hopena make o nā pesticides ma luna o nā rana ma nā ʻano sublethal.ʻO kēia haʻawina i paʻi ʻia ma "Ecology Applications" i ka makahiki 2008 "ua aʻo ʻia pehea e hoʻohana ai i nā ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i nā nui like ʻole, nā manawa a me nā kau (10-250 micrograms/lita) o ka insecticide maʻamau o ka honua (malathion).Hoʻopilikia ka alapine i nā kaiāulu kai i loaʻa ka zooplankton, phytoplankton, nā mea kanu wai a me nā larval amphibians (i hānai ʻia ma ʻelua mau mānoanoa) no 79 lā.Ke alakaʻi nei nā ʻano noi āpau i ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka zooplankton, kahi e hoʻoulu ai i kahi trophic cascade kahi e hoʻonui nui ai ka phytoplankton.I kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau, emi iho nā epiphytes hoʻokūkū.Ho'emi nā mea kanu wai i nā rana (frogs) He li'ili'i ka hopena o ka manawa metamorphosis o Rana pipiens.Akā naʻe, lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka rana leopadi (Rana pipiens), a ua emi loa ko lākou ulu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana.Ke maloʻo ke kaiapuni, alakaʻi ia i ka make ma hope.No laila, ʻaʻole i pepehi pololei ka malathion ( Rapid decomposition) i nā amphibians, akā ua hoʻoulu i kahi hopena trophic cascade, kahi i alakaʻi ʻole ai i ka make ʻana o ka nui o nā amphibians.He mea nui e hana hou i ka palapala noi ma ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (7 manawa o ka pule, 10 µg/L i kēlā me kēia manawa) "Squeeze treatment") he 25-fold ka hopena ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pane pane ma mua o kahi noi "pulse" hoʻokahi.ʻAʻole koʻikoʻi kēia mau hopena, no ka mea, ʻo ka malathion ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka pesticide, akā loaʻa nō hoʻi i nā ʻāina wai.A no ka mea maʻamau ka mīkini kumu o ka trophic cascade i nā pesticides he nui, hāʻawi ia i ka hiki i nā kānaka ke wānana i nā pesticides he nui.Hoʻopilikia ka lāʻau pesticides i nā kaiāulu aquatic a me nā lehulehu amphibian larval.
E ʻike i nā mea koʻikoʻi nui e pili ana i nā macroinvertebrates ma ka muliwai Salinas (California, USA): nā hopena pili o nā pesticides a me nā ʻāpana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia.Ua paʻi ʻia kēia haʻawina 2006 ma Environmental Pollution on amphibians, beetles and et al.Ua mālama ʻia nā haʻawina no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā mea koʻikoʻi e hoʻoulu ai i ka ʻona a aia ma ka muliwai Kaleponi."Ke hōʻike nei nā noiʻi o kēia manawa i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā sediments i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka muliwai Salinas, ʻo nā pesticides kahi kumu nui o ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi no nā macroinvertebrates."
Ma hope o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e pili ana i ka herbicide atrazine, ua paʻi ʻia ka hermaphrodite, demasculine frogs ma ka Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ma 2002. Ua nānā kēia haʻawina i nā hopena o ka atrazine ma luna o ka ʻApelika clawed frog (Xenopus laevis).) Ka hopena o ka ulu ʻana o ka wahine.Hoʻokomo ʻia nā larva i loko o ka atrazine (0.01-200 ppb) i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana o ka larva.Ua nānā mākou i ka histology gonadal a me ka nui o ka larynx i ka wā o ka metamorphosis.ʻO Atrazine (> a i ʻole = 0.1 ppb) ke kumu hermaphrodite A paʻakikī i ka ʻāʻī o nā kāne ʻōlohelohe (> a i ʻole = 1.0 ppb).Eia kekahi, ua nānā mākou i nā pae testosterone plasma o nā kāne makua kāne.Ke hōʻike ʻia i ka 25 ppb atrazine, ua emi iho nā pae testosterone o ke kāne X. laevis i 10 mau manawa.Ua manaʻo mākou e hoʻoulu ka atrazine i ka aromatase a hāpai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka testosterone i ka estrogen.Hiki i kēia luku ʻana i ka hana steroid ke wehewehe i ka demasculinization o ka larynx kāne a me ka hana ʻana o ka hermaphroditism.Pono e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka haʻawina o kēia manawa ʻO ka pae he hōʻike maoli, e hōʻike ana i nā amphibians ʻē aʻe i hōʻike ʻia i ka atrazine i loko o ka nahele i ka pilikia o ka ulu ʻana i ka moekolohe.ʻO kēia ʻano nui o nā pūhui a me nā mea hoʻopilikia endocrine kaiapuni ʻē aʻe paha ke kumu o ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā amphibians ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.”
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