'Molai oa ecosystem Fipronil e chefo ho feta kamoo ho neng ho nahanoa pele mme e fumaneha litseleng tsa metsi ho pholletsa le United States Mphalane 27, 2020.
US Geological Survey e fumane hore metsoako ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e hasana haholo linokeng le melatsoaneng ea US ka la 24 Loetse 2020.
'Molai oa feshene: Tlaleho e fumana hore indasteri ea liaparo ke eona ntho e ka sehloohong e bakang tahlehelo ea mefuta-futa ka la 17 Loetse 2020.
Maqhoqhoane a Arctic a tšoara chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana le lintho tse ling tse silafatsang tikoloho ho tloha ho hoholeha ha lefatše, 'me a ntša lik'hemik'hale tse kotsi ha ho futhumala ha lefatše ho qhibiliha.La 20 Phato, 2020
Li-dolphin tse hahelletsoeng sebakeng se lebopong le ka bochabela la lebopo li a kula ebile li tšoaelitsoe ke chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, lipolasetiki, libolaea likokoana-hloko le litšepe tse boima la 19 Phato 2020.
Nka bohato!Bolella Evian ho ts'ehetsa phetoho ea lefats'e ho ea ho organic ho sireletsa botšepehi ba litlhoko tsa eona tsa bohloeki 27 Phupu 2020.
Litlamorao tse kopaneng tsa ho pepesehela chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo li senya haholo litlhapi tsa coral reef July 21, 2020
Ho ea ka USGS, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e le 'ngoe kapa ho feta ho 56% ea metsi a melatsoaneng e entsoeng ka sampuli e feta bonyane tekanyetso e le' ngoe ea federal bakeng sa lintho tse phelang metsing.Bongata ba chefo ena e bolaeang likokoanyana e boetse e amahanngoa le mefuta e mengata ea litlamorao tsa bophelo bo botle ba motho le tikoloho, ho kenyelletsa mofetše, bokooa ba tsoalo, methapo ea kutlo le litlamorao tsa bophelo bo botle ba ho ba le bana.Patlisiso e latelang e totobatsa phello ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana boleng ba metsi, bophelo bo botle ba batho le tikoloho.
Boleng ba Metsi a Naha: The Ecological Health of National Rivers, 1993-2005, tlaleho ea 2013 e fanoeng ke US Geological Survey "e ipapisitseng le boemo ba sechaba sa baeloji se amanang le lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa 'mele le lik'hemik'hale (joalo ka degree) Lekola liphetoho tsa metsi le bongata ba limatlafatsi le lintho tse ling tse silafatsang tse qhibilihileng.Algae, li-macroinvertebrates le litlhapi li ka lekanya bophelo bo botle ba nōka ka ho toba hobane li lula nōkeng ka libeke tse 'maloa ho ea ho lilemo tse' maloa, ka hona, ha nako e ntse e ea Tšusumetso ea liphetoho tikolohong ea tsona ea lik'hemik'hale le 'meleng e lula e kopanngoa.Qeto ea tlaleho ke ena: “Ha u leka ho utloisisa mabaka a ho fokotseha ha bophelo ba melapo, ho phaella liphetohong tsa phallo, liphello tse ka bang teng tsa limatlafatsi le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana le tsona li lokela ho nahanoa, haholo-holo Ke tikolohong ea temo le ea litoropong.”Ha e le hantle, ho ea ka mongoli, ke karolo ea bohlano feela ea melapo libakeng tsa temo le tsa litoropo e nkoang e le bophelo bo botle.Melatsoana ena e na le phallo e ngata ea tlhaho, athe litsela le mapolasi li hlahisa metsi a mangata a silafetseng.
Ho ba teng ha chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana metsing le matsoapong a bokelletsoeng ho tsoa libakeng tse phelang metsing ho pholletsa le United States ka 2009-2010.Boithuto bona bo entsoeng ke US Geological Service ka 2012 e ile ea hlahloba California lipakeng tsa 2009 le 2010 Litaba tsa libaka tse 11 seterekeng le libakeng tse 18 libakeng tse ling.Sebelisa khase ea chromatography/mass spectrometry ho hlahloba chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e 96 lisampong tsa metsi.Ho sampuli e le 'ngoe kapa ho feta ho tse 54 tsa metsi, kakaretso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e 24 e ile ea fumanoa, ho kenyeletsoa li-fungicides tse 7, li-herbicides tse 10, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana tse 4, synergist e le 1 le lihlahisoa tse 2 tse senyang chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.Ka ho sebelisa motsoako o potlakileng oa solvent, gel permeation chromatography ho tlosa sebabole le k'habone / aluminium e bokellang karolo e tiileng ea karolo ea ho ntša kholumo ho tlosa matrix e sitisang, ho ile ha hlahlojoa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e 94 lisampoleng tsa sediment ea bethe.Litšeng tsa noka, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e 22 e ile ea fumanoa lisampong tse le 'ngoe kapa ho feta, ho kenyeletsoa li-fungicides tse 9, likokoanyana tse 3 tsa pyrethroid, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p, p'-DDT) le lihlahisoa tsa eona tse ka sehloohong tse senyang le meriana e bolaeang limela.Tlaleho e fanoeng ke United States Geological Service "Ho ba teng ha chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana metsing le matsoapong a bokelletsoeng ho tsoa libakeng tsa amphibian ho pholletsa le United States ho tloha 2009 ho isa 2010".
Ho rarolla bothata ba nitrate California metsi a nooang Tlaleho e fanoeng ka 2012 ke Univesithi ea California Davis (UC Davis) e ile ea ithuta litereke tse 'nè tsa Lake Tulare Basin le sebaka sa Monterey County sa Salinas Valley.Phuputso eo e fumane: “Bothata ba nitrate bo ka ’na ba nka lilemo tse mashome.Ho fihlela joale, manyolo a temo le litšila tsa liphoofolo tse sebelisoang masimong ke mehloli e meholo ka ho fetisisa ea libaka tsa nitrate metsing a ka tlas'a lefatše;ho fokotsa mojaro oa nitrate hoa khoneha, 'me tse ling li theko e tlaase Ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha mojaro oa nitrate holim'a metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše ho tla ba le litšenyehelo tse ngata tsa moruo;tokiso e tobileng ea ho ntšoa ha nitrate meqomong e meholo ea metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše e bitsa chelete e ngata 'me ka botekgeniki ha e khonehe.Ho fapana le hoo, "ho pompa le ho kenya manyolo" le taolo e ntlafetseng ea ho tlatsa metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše Ke mokhoa o mong o theko e tlaase oa nako e telele;Liketso tsa phokotso ea metsi (tse kang ho kopanya, ho hloekisa le phepelo e meng ea metsi) ke tsona tse bolokang chelete e ngata.Ha tšilafalo ea nitrate e ntse e ata, maemong a mangata ho kopanya ho tla fokotseha.Metse e mengata e menyenyane ha e khone ho fana ka litšebeletso tsa ho hloekisa metsi a nooang a bolokehileng.Litšenyehelo tse phahameng tse tsitsitseng li tla ama litsamaiso tse nyane haholo.Mohloli o tšepisang ka ho fetisisa oa chelete ke litefiso tsa tšebeliso ea nitrogen ea manyolo libakeng tsena tsa metsi;Litefiso tsa tšebeliso ea manyolo a naetrojene li ka buseletsa sechaba se senyenyane se amehileng Ho fokotsa litšenyehelo le phello ea tšilafalo ea nitrate;ho se lumellane le ho se fihlellehe ha data ho sitisa tlhahlobo e sebetsang le e tsoelang pele.Khokahano ea naha ka bophara ea hlokahala ho kopanya pokello e fapaneng ea data e amanang le metsi e etsoang ke linaha tse ngata le ts'ebetso ea mekhatlo ea lehae.
Mohlala oa khatello ea maikutlo bakeng sa ho lekanya khatello ea atrazine le desethylatrazine metsing a sa tebang a ka tlas'a lefatše libakeng tsa temo United States.Phuputso ena e phatlalalitsoeng ho Journal of Environmental Quality ka 2012 e sebelisitse mohlala ho bolela esale pele metsi a sa tebang a ka tlas'a lefatše libakeng tse ka bang teng tsa temo Kakaretso ea atrazine le deethylatrazine ea eona e senyehileng (DEA).Hohle United States.Liphetho li bontša hore ke hoo e ka bang 5% feela ea libaka tsa temo tse nang le monyetla oa ho feta 10% ho feta boemo bo phahameng ba USEPA ba 3.0 μgL.
Algae e thunya Letšeng la Erie, e bakoang ke mekhoa ea temo le boemo ba leholimo, e beha tlaleho 'me e lumellana le maemo a lebeletsoeng a kamoso.Phuputso e phatlalalitsoeng ho Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ka 2012 e ile ea etsa qeto ea hore: "Mekhoa ea nako e telele ea mekhoa ea temo le mojaro oa phosphorus ka bophirimela Keketseho e tsitsitse.Sebaka sa letša, mekhoa ena, hammoho le maemo a leholimo nakong ea selemo ka 2011, e bakile bongata bo bongata ba limatlafatsi.”Ka bokhutšoanyane, bothata ba algae Letšeng la Erie bo bakoa ke mekhoa ea temo, haholo-holo manyolo.E sebelisoa, sena se fana ka phepo bakeng sa kholo ea lipalesa tse kholo.Boemo ba leholimo bo futhumetseng bo mpefatsa boemo bona, bo etsa hore cyanobacteria kapa cyanobacteria e hōle le ho ata, kahoo e hlahisa liphello tse chefo.Sehlooho se nang le sehlooho se reng “Phuputso e behang rekoto ea lithunthung tsa algae ea Lake Erie e tsamaellanang le maemo a lebelletsoeng a kamoso a bakoang ke mekhoa ea temo le boemo ba leholimo” e ile ea hatisoa ho Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.Bala "Litaba tsa Letsatsi le Letsatsi la ho Tlosa Likokoana-hloko" ho tloha ka Mmesa 2013.
Qetello le Lipalangoang tsa Glyphosate le Aminomethylphosphonic Acid Metsing a Phahameng a Metsing a Temo Sengoloa se ho "Pest Management Science" ka 2012 se hlokometse hore "glyphosate le AMPA li fumanoa khafetsa metsing a kaholimo a likotlolo tse 'ne tsa temo."Maqhubu a ho lemoha le amplitude ea beisine e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e fapane, 'me mojaro (e le peresente ea tšebeliso) e pakeng tsa 0.009 le 0.86%, e ka' nang ea amana le litšobotsi tse tharo tse akaretsang: matla a mohloli, ho phalla ha pula le tsela ea ho phalla.”
Glyphosate le lihlahisoa tsa eona tsa degradation (AMPA) li ajoa ka bongata mobung, holim'a metsi, metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše le pula e ngata United States.Boithuto ba 2011 bo lokollotsoeng ke USGS ho tloha 2001 ho isa 2009 bo akaretsa lisampole tsa metsi le sediment tse bokelletsoeng ho tloha 2001 ho isa 2009 The concentration of glyphosate.Liphetho tsa libaka tse 3,606.Mehlala ea 1,008 ea netefatso ea boleng e bokelletsoeng ho tsoa literekeng tsa 38 le Seterekeng sa Columbia li bonts'itse hore glyphosate e tsamaea ho feta kamoo ho neng ho nahanoa pele mme e ajoa haholo tikolohong.Glyphosate e fumanoa hangata mobung le sediment (91% ea sampuli), liforo le li-drain (71%), pula (71%), melapo (51%) le linōka tse kholo (46%) Ho;libakeng tse mongobo (38%), metsi a mobu (34%), matšeng (22%), libaka tsa ho hloekisa metsi a litšila (WWTP) (9%) le metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše (6%) li etsahala hangata.The American Geophysical Union e phatlalalitse phuputso e mabapi le "Wide Distribution of Glyphosate and Its Degradation Products (AMPA) in Soil, Surface Water, Underground Water le Precipitation United States, 2001-2009 ″.
Ketsahalo le qetello ea glyphosate le aminomethylphosphonic acid e senyehang sepakapakeng.Ka 2011, sehlooho sena se hatisitsoeng ho "Chefo ea Tikoloho le Lik'hemik'hale" se ne se bua ka glyphosate, e leng sebolaea-lehola se sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa le eona Tlaleho ea pele mabapi le boemo ba tikoloho ea ho senyeha ho hoholo.Sehlahisoa sena se hlahisa aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) matsatsing a lipula le lipula…Moeeng le metsing a pula, bongata ba glyphosate bo maemong a <0.01 ho isa ho 9.1 ng/m(3) le <0.1 ho isa ho 2.5 µg/L… Ha ho so hlake hore na ke peresente efe ea glyphosate e tla hlahisoa moeeng. , empa ho hakanngoa hore ho fihlela ho 0.7% ea likopo li tlosoa moeeng nakong ea pula.Glyphosate e ka tlosoa ka katleho moeeng;ho hakanngoa hore pula ea beke le beke ea ≥30 mm e ka tlosa karolelano ea 97% ea glyphosate moeeng "
Environmental Working Group on Hexavalent Chromium in Tap Water, United States, e fumane tlalehong e lokolotsoeng ka 2011, hore, ho latela liteko tsa laboratori, “metsi a pompo a metseng e 31 ho e 35 ea United States a na le chromium e hexavalent (kapa chromium e hexavalent) .Ena ke "Eileen Brokovic Chemical" ea kankere.Boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa bo fumanoe Norman, Oklahoma.Honolulu, Hawaii;Litoropo tse 25 tse lekiloeng ke EWG li ne li e-na le maemo a phahameng a kankere ho feta California Sepheo se reriloeng sa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba.Sekahare sa metsi a pompong (baahi ba 90 000) a tsoang Norman, Oklahoma se mena ka makhetlo a fetang 200 moeli oa tšireletso o boletsoeng ke California.”
Ho tloha 2005 ho isa 2006, azoxystrobin, propiconazole le li-fungicides tse ling tse khethiloeng li etsahetse linōkeng tsa Amerika.Sengoliloeng sa 2011 se phatlalalitsoeng ho "Tšilafatso ea Metsi, Moea le Mobu" se fumane: "Ho na le disampole tse 103 Bonyane sebolaea-baktheria se le seng se fumanoe ho 56%, 'me ho fihlela ho tse 5 ho tsona e ne e le li-bacteria.E ile ea fumanoa ka sampuling e le 'ngoe, 'me metsoako ea likokoana-hloko e ne e tloaelehile.E phahameng ka ho fetisisa e fumanoeng e ne e le azoazolone (sampole tse 45 ho tse 103).%), e lateloa ke metalaxyl (27%), propiconazole (17%), mycotin (9%) le tebuconazole (6%).Letoto la ho lemoha li-fungicides ke 0.002 ho isa ho 1.15μg/L.E Ho na le matšoao a hore ho hlaha ha fungicides ke nako ea selemo, 'me sekhahla sa ho lemoha se phahame qetellong ea lehlabula le mathoasong a hoetla ho feta nakong ea selemo,' me sekhahla sa ho lemoha se phahame.Libakeng tse ling, li-fungicides li ile tsa fumanoa lisampoleng tsohle tse bokeletsoeng, e leng se bontšang hore melapo e meng e ka hlaha nakong eohle ea selemo.
Liphetoho ts'ebelisong le ho ata ha chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana metsing a ka holim'a metsi libakeng tseo ho lengoang raese California.Phuputso ena e lokollotsoeng ke USGS ka 2011 "e ile ea etsa lipatlisiso ka liphetoho tsa boleng ba metsi a masimo a raese a California, e leng sa bohlokoa haholo ho Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta, Sacramento / San Joaquin River Delta ke sebaka sa bohlokoa sa bolulo ho batho ba bangata ba sokeloang ba tlhaho.Likokoana-hloko tse 92 le lihlahisoa tse senyang chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ka lisampole tsa metsi a hloekisitsoeng li ile tsa hlahlobjoa ke khase chromatography/mass spectrometry.Azoxystrobin le azoxystrobin le lihlahisoa tse senyang chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana li ile tsa fumanoa sampoleng ka 'ngoe.3,4-DCA (sehlahisoa se seholo sa propane), likhakanyo tsa tsona e neng e le 136 le 128μg, ka ho latellana./L, clomazone le thiobencarb li fumanoe ho feta 93% ea lisampole tsa metsi, khatello e phahameng e ne e le 19.4 le 12.4μg. /L.Propylene glycol e teng ho 60% ea lisampole ka bongata bo boholo ba 6.5μg/L.
Quantitative Analysis of Organic Phosphate Pesticides in Urban Drinking Water Thuto ena, e hatisitsoeng ho International Journal of Mass Spectrometry ka 2011, e sebelisitse mokhoa o hlokolosi oa ho lekanya metsoako e robeli ea lintho tse phelang metsing a nang le ngL-1 concentration.Likokoana-hloko tsa Phosphate.Bafuputsi ba fumane monocrotophos, imidacloprid, triazophos, attriazine, propanol, quinolol, le methazine ka phosphates ea manyolo metsing a nooang le likhoerekhoere tse bokelitsoeng likarolong tse sa tšoaneng tsa motse.
Papiso ea ho phalla ha litlama tsa masimong le tahlehelo ea ho putlama: tlhahlobo ea masimong ea lilemo tse robeli.Sengoliloeng sa 2010 se phatlalalitsoeng koranteng ea "Boleng ba Tikoloho" se ithutile ho phalla le ho fetoha ha diazepam le metapropamide.Liphello li bontša hore le haeba likhatello tsa mouoane oa likokoana-hloko tse peli li batla li le tlaase, tahlehelo ea tsona ea ho senyeha e kholo haholo ho feta tahlehelo ea ho phalla (<0.007).Tahlehelo e phahameng ea selemo le selemo ea alachlor ha e so ka e feta 2.5%, 'me ho putlama ha alachlor ha ho mohla ho kileng ha feta 3% ea ts'ebeliso.Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tahlehelo e ntseng e eketseha ea sebolayalehola kamora matsatsi a 5 e tloha ho 5-63% ea metolachlor le hoo e ka bang 2-12% ea dezine.Ho phaella moo, tahlehelo ea ho senyeha ha litlama motšehare e ne e le khōlō haholo ho feta tahlehelo ea mouoane bosiu (<0.05).Patlisiso ena e netefalitse hore tahlehelo ea mouoane ea libolaea-lehola tse sebelisoang hangata e feta tahlehelo ea metsi.Sebakeng se le seng le ho sebelisa mokhoa o ts'oanang oa taolo, tahlehelo ea mouoane oa herbicide e tla fapana haholo selemo le selemo ka lebaka la maemo a tikoloho.”
Mekhoa e mengata ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana linōkeng tsa litoropo United States.Ho tloha ka 1992 ho ea ho 2008, phuputso ea 2010 e lokolotsoeng ke United States Geological Survey e ile ea bokella lisampole linōkeng tsa litoropong tsa United States ’me ea hlahloba boteng ba “libolaea-lehola tse robeli le sehlahisoa se le seng se senyang.”(Simazine, promer, atrazine, des-ethylatrazine”, alachlor, trifluralin, pendimethalin, tebutinol le dakota, le likokoana-hloko tse hlano Le lihlahisoa tse peli tse senyang (toxorrif, malathion, diazinon, fipronil, fipronil sulfide, dessulbicide and cartbalfipronil Analysis). Liphetho li bonts'a Mekhoa e mengata ea bohlokoa, ebang ke ho ea holimo kapa tlase, e fapana ka tsela eo e fetohang ka eona ho latela nako, sebaka le sebolaea-lehola.
Ka 2002-05, metsoako ea anthropogenic organic tsamaisong ea metsi ea sechaba e ile ea tlosoa melapong.Boithuto bo phatlalalitsoeng ke United States Geological Survey (USGS) ka 2008 bo fumane hore "hoo e ka bang halofo (134) ea metsoako e fumanoe bonyane hang lisampong tsa mohloli oa metsi.Ka tloaelo metsoako ea 47 (ka 10% kapa ho feta) Mehlala), le metsoako ea 6 (chloroform, r-dezine, octazine, metolachlor, desethylatrazine le hexahydrohexamethylcyclopentabenzopyridine) e ile ea fumanoa ho feta halofo ea lisampole tsa HHCB.ke motsoako o bonoang khafetsa libakeng tse hlano tsa sebaka ka seng (selemo ho pota).Ho sibolloa ha chloroform, hydrocarbon e nkhang hamonate HHCB le acetylhexamethyltetralin (AHTN) ho bonts'a ho tsoa ha metsi a litšila libakeng tse kaholimo tsa beisine Ho na le kamano lipakeng tsa ho hlaha le ho ba teng ha meriana e bolaeang limela.Meriana ea herbicide attriazine, simazine le metolachlor le tsona ke metsoako e bonoang hangata.Libolaea-lehola tsena le lihlahisoa tse senyang tsa litlama tse ling tse 'maloa tse tloaelehileng hangata li amana le Teko ea motsoako oa motsoali maemong a tšoanang kapa a holimo.Hangata e na le motsoako oa metsoako e 'meli kapa ho feta.Palo eohle ea metsoako le kakaretso ea eona c Ha palo ea libaka tsa litoropo le tsa temo e ntse e eketseha, hangata lisampole lia eketseha.”
Ho tloha ka 1991 ho isa ho 2004, boleng ba metsi a liliba tsa malapeng libakeng tse kholo tsa aquifer United States.Sena ke sengoloa sa 2008 se phatlalalitsoeng ke United States Geological Survey (USGS) e le karolo ea Lenaneo la Naha la Tekolo ea Boleng ba Metsi."Lisampole tsa metsi li nkuoe ka 1991-2004.Ho bokelloa lilibeng tsa malapa (metsi a nooang a tsoang lilibeng tsa poraefete tse sebelisoang malapeng) ho hlahloba litšila tse ka metsing a nooang.Ho latela tlhaloso ea Molao oa Metsi a Nooang a Bolokehileng, litšila li nkuoa e le lintho tsohle tse ka metsing… Ho na le tse ka bang 23 ka kakaretso.% ea liliba li na le bonyane ntho e le 'ngoe e silafatsang eo mahloriso a eona a fetang MCL kapa HBSL.Ho ipapisitsoe le tlhahlobo ea lisampole tse tsoang lilibeng tse 1389, boholo ba litšila tse ka har'a lisampole tsena li lekantsoe ... "
Tlhahlobo ea saense ea tlhahlobo ea jeoloji ea Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem e United States le bohlokoa ba eona bakeng sa tsamaiso ea tikoloho.Sengoliloeng sena se hatisitsoeng ke USGS ka 2007 se akaretsoa ka tsela e latelang: “Liphetoho tsa tšebeliso ea mobu, boleng ba metsi ka har'a beisine, ho kenyeletsoa limatlafatsi, matsoai le lintho tse silafatsang;Mabapi le liphetoho tsa nako e telele tsa boleng ba metsi a kou ea leoatle, sebaka sa bolulo sa noka se tletse ka limela tsa metsing tse ka tlas’a metsi le mekhoabong e nang le maqhubu, hammoho le lintho tse amang palo ea litlhapi le linonyana tsa metsing.”… “Likokoana-hloko tse entsoeng ka tlhaho le lihlahisoa tse ling tse senyang li bile metsing a ka tlas’a lefatše le melapong ea Koung ea Koung E fumaneha hohle.Meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana e tloaelehileng haholo ke meriana e bolaeang limela e sebelisoang pooneng, linaoang tsa soya le lijo-thollo tse nyane.Likokoana-hloko li boetse li fumanoa metseng e meholo.Likokoana-hloko li teng selemo ho pota, empa liphetoho tsa ho tsepamisa mohopolo oa tsona li bontša sekhahla sa kopo le litšobotsi tse amang ho falla ha tsona;Lintho tse silafatsang tse ntseng li hlaha joalo ka lithethefatsi le lihomone li boetse li fumanoe Koung ea Gulf, e nang le palo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea likhoerekhoere tsa masepala.
Likokoana-hloko tsa temo le lihlahisoa tse ling tse senyang libaka tse hlano tse nang le maqhubu le likutu tsa Chesapeake Bay United States.Sengoliloeng se phatlalalitsoeng ho "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" ka 2007 se ile sa ithuta ka chefo e bolaeang likokonyana tsa temo libakeng tse hlano tsa maqhubu: "Mathoasong a selemo sa 2000, lisampole tsa metsi a holim'a metsi li ile tsa bokelloa libakeng tse 18 sebakeng sa Chesapeake Bay.Tlhahlobo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.Ka 2004, liteishene tsa boemo ba leholimo tse 61 libakeng tse 'maloa tse nang le maqhubu a leoatle li ile tsa tšoauoa e le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana tse 21 le lihlahisoa tse 11 tse senyehileng, tse tharo tsa tsona li lutse Hloahloeng ea Temo ea Del Mar: Noka ea Chester, Noka ea Nantic le Noka ea Pocomok, libaka tse peli li ka bophirima ho Nōka. motse.Mabopong: Rhode River, Procyon le Lower Mobok Bay, ho kenyeletsoa Noka ea Hou le Noka ea Pokson.Lithutong tsena tse peli, lihlahisoa tse bolaeang limela le lihlahisoa tsa tsona tse senyang ke tsona tse atisang ho fumanoa Ka 2000, pyrazine le alachlor li ile tsa fumanoa libakeng tsohle tse 18 ka 2000. Ka 2004, palo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea likokoana-hloko tsa motsoali e fumanoe sebakeng se ka holimo sa Chester River.Lithutong tsena, tlhahlobo efe kapa efe The concentrations of the substances ke ethane sulfonic acid ea 2,900 ng/L metolachlor (MESA) Nokeng ea Nanticoke.Sehlahisoa sa ho senya MESA se fumanoa Nokeng ea Pocomoke (2,100 ng/L) le Chester River (1,200 ng/L).Khatiso ea analyte ho L) le eona ke eona e phahameng ka ho fetisisa. ”
Boleng ba Naha ba Metsi-Likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokoanyana ka har'a Melapo ea Sechaba le Metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše.Sengoliloeng sa 2006 se hatisitsoeng ke USGS ho tloha 1992 ho isa 2001 se ikemiselitse ho araba: "Boleng ba melapo le metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše ke bofe naheng ea rona?Boleng bo fetoha joang ha nako e ntse e ea?Litšobotsi tsa tlhaho le mesebetsi ea batho ke efe?Ama boleng ba linōka le metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše.Liphello tsee li hokae ka ho hlaka?Ka ho kopanya tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le k'hemistri ea metsi, litšoaneleho tsa 'mele, libaka tsa linōka le lintho tse phelang metsing, lenaneo la NAWQA le ikemiselitse ho fana ka mokhoa o thehiloeng ho saense litabeng tsa metsi a hona joale le a ntseng a hlaha le lintho tse tlang pele The insights of NAWQA.Liphetho tsa NAWQA li thusa ho etsa liqeto tse nang le tsebo ea ho etsa taolo e sebetsang ea metsi le ts'ireletso ea boleng ba metsi le maano a ho khutlisa."
Mohlala oa chefo ea metsing oa sebaka sa leoatle se laoloang ke temo California se phatlalalitsoe ka 1999 ho Temo, Ecosystem le Tikoloho."Morero ke ho batlisisa ka ketsahalo, ho teba, mohloli le sesosa sa chefo ea metsing ea tšilafalo e seng ea mohloli oa tšilafalo ea linoka le linokeng tse lebōpong la leoatle.Keno e silafatsang e tsoang libakeng tsa temo le tsa litoropo tse haufi le noka ea Noka ea Pajaro, libaka tse khethiloeng tsa maoatle, linōka tse ka holimo, matsoapo le libaka tse supileng tsa liforo tsa temo ho tsebahatsa melatsoana e ka bakang metsi a phallang letsoapong la leoatle.Likokoana-hloko tse tharo (toxaphene, DDT le diazinon li fumanoe li le holimo ho feta meeli ea chefo e phatlalalitsoeng bakeng sa bophelo ba sebakeng sa metsing, chefo ea noka E amana haholo le keketseho ea phallo ea noka.
Lipatlisiso tsa metsi le bophelo ba batho li fumane hore triclosan le lihlahisoa tsa eona tse chefo li silafatsa matša a metsi a hloekileng.Boithuto bo phatlalalitsoeng ka 2013 ke Environmental Science and Technology bo ile ba etsa sampole ea matša a metsi a hloekileng a Minnesota, ho kenyeletsoa Letša la Superior.Mongoli-’moho oa phuputso eo, Dr. Bill Arnold, moprofesa Univesithing ea Minnesota, o itse: “Re fumane hore matšeng ’ohle, ho na le triclosan mahlakeng, ’me ho tloha ha ho qaptjoa triclosan ka 1964, mahloriso ka kakaretso a ne a le teng. e ntse e eketseha.Ho fihlela kajeno.Re boetse re fumane hore ho na le metsoako e meng e supileng e tsoang ho triclosan, eo le eona e leng ka har'a sediment, 'me likhahla tsa tsona le tsona lia eketseha ha nako e ntse e ea.Lihlahisoa tse ling tsa ho bola tse sibolotsoeng ke bo-rasaense Ke dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), sehlopha sa lik'hemik'hale tse tsejoang e le chefo ho batho le liphoofolo tse hlaha.Bala "Tlhōlo ea Likokoana-hloko Daily News", January 2013.
Ketsahalo le mehloli e ka bang teng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ka har'a sediment ea noka ea libaka tse supileng tsa litoropo United States.Phuputso ena ea 2012 e phatlalalitsoeng ho Environmental Science and Technology e hlahlobile lintlha tsa naha mabapi le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea pyrethroid., Ho fumanoe hore "pyrethroids e le 'ngoe kapa ho feta e fumanoe hoo e batlang e le halofo ea lisampole, tseo har'a tsona bifenthrin e nang le tekanyo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea ho lemoha.Hangata (41%), 'me e fumaneha sebakeng se seng le se seng sa litoropo.E fumanoe Khafetsa ea cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, permethrin le permetrin e tlase haholo.Palo ea pyrethroid le lefu la hyaluronic acid tekong ea matsatsi a 28 li tlase ho feta lithuto tse ngata tsa noka ea litoropong.Phetoho ea logarithmic ea kakaretso ea li-pyrethroids Likarolo tse chefo (TUs) li amana haholo le litekanyetso tsa ho phela, 'me bifenthrin e ka' na ea ikarabella bakeng sa boholo ba chefo e hlokometsoeng.Boithuto bona bo bonts'a hore li-pyrethroids li fumaneha hangata libakeng tsa noka ea litoropo 'me li ka beoa ho pholletsa le linoka Lintho tse chefo.Naha.”
Li-biomarker tsa urinary tsa prenatal Atrazine exposure le liphello tse mpe tsa tsoalo ho sehlopha sa tsoalo sa PELAGIE.Phuputso ena e ile ea hatisoa "Pono ea Bophelo ba Tikoloho" 'me "ea hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa liphello tse mpe tsa tsoalo le li-biomarker tsa urinary tsa prenatal atrazine exposure.Kamano pakeng tsa dibolayalehola tsena tse pedi le ho pepesehela dibolayalehola tse sebediswang dijalong tsa poone (octazine, pretilachlor, metolachlor le acetochlor)… Patlisiso ena e sebelisitse moralo oa sehlopha sa sehlopha, 'me nyeoe e ile ea hlophisoa ka 2002 Ho sehlopha se lebelletsoeng sa tsoalo se entsoeng Brittany, Fora ho fihlela 2006. Re ile ra bokella lisampole tsa moroto ho tsoa ho bakhachane ho hlahloba li-biomarkers tsa ho pepesehela chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana pele ho 19th.Thuto ena e bile ea pele ea ho hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa liphello tsa tsoalo le triazine le triazine.Boithuto mabapi le kamano ea li-biomarker tse ngata tsa moroto tsa ho pepeseha ha herbicide ea chloroacetanilide.Linaheng tseo ho tsona atrazine e ntseng e sebelisoa, bopaki bo amanang le liphello tse bohloko tsa pelehi bo hohetse tlhokomelo e khethehileng.”
Tekolo ea litokelo tsa botho ea libolaea-lehola tsa moeeng ka har'a Delta Lake le haufi le Letša la Oregon, tlaleho ea 2011 e fanoeng ke Komiti ea Boeletsi ea Tikoloho le Litokelo tsa Botho e ithutile ho pepeseha ha likokoana-hloko tsa sefofane libakeng tsa meru haufi le malapa le liphello tsa bona tsa bophelo bo botle malapeng ana.“Kamora hore Weyerhaeuser a etse sefafatsi sa sefofane ka la 8 Mmesa le la 19 Mmesa, ka ho latellana, lisampole tsa moroto ho tsoa ho baahi ba 34, ho kenyeletsoa baahi, li ile tsa fuoa laboratoring ea Emory University le ho hlahlojoa le 2, Boteng ba 4-D.Mehlala eohle e mashome a mararo a metso e mene ea urea e fumanoe e le ntle bakeng sa meriana e bolaeang limela ka bobeli.Mehlala e 'meli: tlhahiso ea moroto oa motho e moholo ea atrazine e eketsehile ka 129 ka mor'a ts'ebeliso ea sefofane %, keketseho ea 31% ea moroto oa 2,4-D, keketseho ea 163% ea molumo oa moroto oa atrazine morotong oa mosali e moholo. moahi, le 54 le likhoeli tse 'maloa tse fetileng Ha ho bapisoa le boemo ba motheo, peresente ea 2,4-D morotong ka mor'a hore tšebeliso ea sefofane e eketsehe.Ho ea ka pono ea litekanyetso tsa litokelo tsa botho, sena se ka baka boikarabello ba setsi. ”
Mafu a matla a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana a amanang le ho hoholeha ha chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea temo: linaha tse 11, 1998-2006, thuto e phatlalalitsoe ho "Environmental Health Perspective", "e hakanya liketsahalo tsa mafu a hlobaetsang a bakoang ke ho hoholeha ha chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana lits'ebetsong tsa temo ea kantle. , ’me e tšoaea ho pepeseha ho hoholehang le ho kula.”Liphello li bontša: “Ho tloha ka 1998 ho ea ho 2006, re fumane linyeoe tse 2945 tse amanang le tahlehelo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea temo literekeng tse 11.Liphuputso tsa rona li bontša hore 47% ea batho ba na le Exposure mosebetsing, 92% ea batho ba tšoeroe ke mafu a fokolang haholo, le 14% ea bana (<15 years).Nakong ea lilemo tsena tse 9, liketsahalo tsa selemo le selemo li ne li tloha ho 1.39 ho ea ho 5.32 ho batho ba limilione.California Har'a litereke tse hlano tse nang le temo e matla, kakaretso ea basebetsi ba temo (lilemo tsa batho ba limilione) ke 114.3, basebetsi ba bang ke 0.79, ba sa sebetseng ke 1.56, 'me baahi ba 42.2.Tšebeliso ea lifumigants mobung e ikarabella bakeng sa karolo e kholo ka ho fetisisa (45%) Likopo tsa Bofofisi li bakile 24% ea linyeoe.Mabaka a tloaelehileng a bakang maemo a leholimo a leholimo, ho tiisoa ka mokhoa o sa lokelang ha libaka tsa mosi, le bohlasoa ba lisebelisoa tse haufi le libaka tseo ho seng sepheo sa tsona.”Phuputso eo e ile ea phetha ka ho re: “Ka lebaka la ho pepeseha ka tsela e sa laoleheng, basebetsi ba Temo le baahi ba libakeng tsa temo ba na le tekanyo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea chefo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, ’me ho ntšoa ha mobu ke kotsi e khōlō, e bakang likotsi tse khōlō tse khelohang.Liphetho tsa rona tsa lipatlisiso li totobatsa libaka tseo ho kenella ho ka fokotsoang ho tloha ho kheloha.
Na lithibela-pelehi tsa molomo li etsa tlatsetso ea bohlokoa ho estrogenicity ea metsi a nooang?Phuputso ea 2011 e ile ea hlahloba lingoliloeng ka mehloli e sa tšoaneng ea estrogen ka holim'a metsi, metsi le metsi a nooang ho fumana hore na li-OC ke mohloli oa estrogen metsing a ka holim'a metsi, a lebisa tlhokomelo ho limolek'hule tse sebetsang tse tsoang ho OC.Mongoli o fumane hore lisebelisoa tsa indasteri le tsa temo ha li lokolle estrogen feela, empa hape li lokolla lik'hemik'hale tse ling tse kotsi tse ka etsisang estrogen.Metsoako ena e eketsa tšilafalo ea estrogen ka kakaretso ea phepelo ea rona ea metsi.Phuputso e ile ea bontša hore chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ke eona e tlatsetsang ho estrogen metsing.Likokoana-hloko tse 'maloa li bitsoa xenoestrogens.Li etsisa estrogen le ho senya tsamaiso ea endocrine.Thuto "Na lithibela-pelehi tse nooang li kenya letsoho ho estrogen metsing a nooang?"e ile ea hatisoa ho Environmental Science and Technology.Bala litaba tsa "Tlosa Likokoana-hloko Daily News" ho tloha ka December 2010.
Litšobotsi tsa potoloho ea ho ilela khoeli le maemo a lihomone tsa pelehi tsa basali ba pepesehetseng azine metsing a nooang "Patlisiso ea Tikoloho" Tlaleho e hatisitsoeng ka 2011 "e ithutile kamano pakeng tsa ho pepesehela azine metsing a nooang le ts'ebetso ea potoloho ea ho ilela khoeli (ho kenyeletsoa le maemo a lihormone tsa ho ikatisa).Kamano pakeng tsa basali ba lilemo tse 18-40 ba lulang metseng ea temo ba ile ba araba lipotso (n = 102) tabeng ea tšebeliso e ngata ea atrazine (Illinois) le tšebeliso e tlaase ea atrazine (Vermont).Bukana ea ho ilela khoeli (n=67), le lisampole tsa moroto tsa letsatsi le letsatsi li fanoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea hormone ea luteinizing (LH), estradiol le progesterone metabolites (n=35).Matšoao a pepenene a kenyelletsa boemo ba bolulo, metsi a pompo, metsi a masepala Le bongata ba atrazine le chlorotriazine morotong, le tekanyo e lekantsoeng ea tšebeliso ea metsi.Basali ba lulang Illinois ba na le menyetla e mengata ea ho tlaleha linako tse sa tloaelehang tsa ho ilela khoeli (kapa) = 4.69; 95% nako ea ho itšepa (CI)): 1.58-13.95), 'me nako e pakeng tsa likhoeli tse peli e feta libeke tse 6 (OR = 6.16; 95% CI: 1.29-29.38).Tšebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea> Likopi tse 2 tsa metsi a sa sefioang a Illinois li tla eketsa linako tse sa tloaelehang Kotsi (OR = 5.73; 95% CI: 1.58-20.77)."Tekanyetso" e hakanyetsoang ea r le chlorotriazine metsing a pompo e fapana ho ea ka karolelano ea metabolites ea estradiol karolong e bohareng ea luteal."Tekanyetso" ea khatello ea 'masepala ea dezine E amana ka ho toba le bolelele ba nako ea follicular,' me e amana ka tsela e fapaneng le tekanyo ea metabolite ea progesterone karolong ea bobeli ea luteal.Bopaki ba pele boo re fanang ka bona bo bontša hore boemo ba ho pepeseha ha atrazine bo tlaase ho feta ba US EPA MCL, bo amanang le keketseho e sa tloaelehang ea nako ea ho ilela khoeli.Ho lelefatsa ho amana le ho fokotseha ha boemo ba matšoao a endocrine nakong ea ho ilela khoeli ea ho hloka thari.”
Tekolo ea kotsi ea ho phalla ha chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea turfgrass metsing a nooang.Univesithi ea Cornell (Univesithi ea Cornell) e lokollotsoeng ka 2011 e ile ea etsa tlhahlobo ea kotsi ea bophelo ba motho ea ho phalla ha chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e tsoang mohloeng le lipapaling tsa kolofo libakeng tse 9 tsa batho ka ho sebelisa lenaneo la Destiny le mohlala oa lipalangoang.Maemo a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana a 37 a ngolisitsoeng ho sebelisoa mabaleng a kolofo a bapisoa le maemo a metsi a nooang… Bakeng sa fairways, isoproturon le 24-D li hlahisitse likotsi tse matla le tse sa foleng libakeng tse fetang 3.Ke likotsi tse ka bang teng feela tsa ho sebelisa chlorobutanil ho tse tala le li-T-shirts tse fumanoeng.MCPA, grass dione le 24-D tse sebelisoang mohloeng li ka baka likotsi tse matla le tse sa foleng.Motsoako oa acephate o sebelisitsoeng litseleng tse ntle tse nang le RQ≥0.01 e matla libakeng tse 'ne e ne e le holimo ka ho fetisisa, 'me bongata ba oxadiazon bo sebelisitsoeng mohloeng bo nang le RQ≥0.01 e sa foleng e ne e le bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa.Tšebeliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ka har'a fairway ke e phahameng ka ho fetisisa, 'me bongata ba chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana botala bo tlaase ka ho fetisisa.Tšusumetso e kholo ka ho fetisisa e bonoa libakeng tse nang le pula e ngata ea selemo le linako tse telele tsa ho hōla ha nako e telele, ha ts'usumetso e nyane e bonoa libakeng tse nang le pula e tlase.Liphetho tsena li bontša hore batho ba lulang libakeng tsa pula e matla ba ka ba le monyetla o moholo oa ho pepesehela chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ka metsing a bona a nooang ho feta kamoo ho neng ho boletsoe esale pele ke Setsi sa Tšireletso ea Tikoloho sa US.”
Ho kenngoa ha nitrate le kotsi ea kankere ea qoqotho le lefu la qoqotho.Phuputso e phatlalalitsoeng ho Epidemiology ka 2010 e ile ea batlisisa ho kenngoa ha nitrate phepelong ea metsi ea sechaba le lijong tsa sehlopha sa basali ba baholo ba 21977 ba Iowa.Kamano pakeng tsa ho kena le kankere ea qoqotho le kotsi ea hypothyroidism e ikemetseng le hyperthyroidism.Ba ngolisitse ka 1986 mme ba sebelisitse mohloli o tšoanang oa metsi ka lilemo tse fetang 10.Liphello li bontšitse hore basali ba sebelisang metsi a sechaba ka tekanyo ea nitrate ea 5 milligrams ka litha e le nngwe (mg / litha e le nngwe) kapa ho feta lilemo tse fetang tse hlano ba ne ba e-na le keketseho e ka bang makhetlo a mararo kotsing ea kankere ea qoqotho.Ho ja lijo tse eketsehileng tsa nitrate ho amahanngoa le kotsi e eketsehileng ea qoqotho le ho ata ha hypothyroidism, empa eseng ka hyperthyroidism.Bafuputsi ba fana ka maikutlo a hore nitrate e sitisa qoqotho ho sebelisa iodide, e hlokahalang bakeng sa tšebetso ea qoqotho."Thuto ka ho Kena ha Nitrate le Kotsi ea Kankere ea Thyroid le Boloetse ba Thyroid" e ile ea hatisoa ho epidemiology.Bala litaba tsa "Tlhōlo ea Likokoana-hloko Daily News" ho tloha ka Phupu 2010.
Likokoana-hloko le Litšitiso tsa Tsoalo Metsing a Surface United States Phuputso ena, e hatisitsoeng ho Acta Paediatrica ka 2009, e ile ea etsa lipatlisiso "haeba kotsi ea bokooa ba tsoalo ho masea a tsoetsoeng a lebelletsoeng likhoeling tse nang le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e phahameng ka ho fetisisa holim'a metsi e kholo ..." thuto Qetella Qeto ke hore “keketseho ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana har’a masea a tsoetsoeng a LMP ho tloha ka ’Mesa ho isa ho Phupu e na le kotsi e kholo ea ho tsoaloa ha masea a nang le bokooa metsing a ka holim’a metsi.Le hoja thuto ena e ke ke ea paka kamano ea sesosa pakeng tsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana le bokooa ba tsoalo, Mokhatlo ona o ka fana ka leseli ho lintlha tse tloaelehileng tse arolelanoang ke mefuta ena e 'meli.Bala "Tlhōlo ea Likokoana-hloko Daily News" ho tloha ka Mmesa 2009.
Li-dioxin tse ka har'a triclosan li ntse li eketseha ka metsing.Phuputso e phatlalalitsoeng ka 2010 ke Environmental Science and Technology e ile ea fuputsa lisampole tsa motheo tsa sediment tse nang le lirekoto tse bokelletsoeng tsa tšilafalo e tsoang Letšeng la Pepin lilemong tse 50 tse fetileng.Ping Lake ke karolo ea Noka ea Mississippi lik'hilomithara tse 120 ho tloha Minneapolis-St.Paul Metropolitan Area.Ka mor'a moo, lisampole tsa sediment li ile tsa hlahlojoa bakeng sa triclosan, triclosan le dioxin tse 'nè lelapeng lohle la lik'hemik'hale tsa dioxin.Bafuputsi ba fumane hore le hoja maemo a dioxin tse ling kaofela a theohile ka 73-90% lilemong tse mashome a mararo tse fetileng, maemo a dioxin tse 'nè tse fapaneng tse nkiloeng ho triclosan a nyolohile ka 200-300%.Bala litaba tsa letsatsi le letsatsi Beyond Pesticides, May 2010.
Tšebeliso ea metsi hantle le lefu la Parkinson libakeng tsa mahaeng tsa California.Phuputso ea 2009 e hatisitsoe ho "Pono ea Bophelo ba Tikoloho" mme e ithutile chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e 26, haholo-holo tse 6 tse bolaeang likokoanyana."Li khethe hobane li ka silafatsa metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše kapa hobane li kotsi ho PD.E ile ea khethoa, ’me bonyane 10% ea baahi ba rōna e ile ea pepesoa.”Ke: diazinon, toxrif, propargyl, paraquat, dimethoate le methomyl.Ho pepesetsoa proppropgite ho amana haholo le ketsahalo ea PD, ka keketseho ea 90% ea kotsi.E ntse e sebelisoa California, haholo-holo bakeng sa linate, poone le morara.Rif e chefo e kile ea e-ba lik'hemik'hale tse tloaelehileng tsa letsatsi le letsatsi, tse amanang le kotsi e phahameng ea 87% ea PD.Leha e ne e thibetsoe bakeng sa tšebeliso ea bolulo ka 2001, e ntse e sebelisoa haholo lijalong tsa California.Methomyl e boetse e eketsa kotsi ea ho kula ka 67%.Bala "Tlhōlo ea Likokoana-hloko Daily News", Phato 2009.
Ho phalla ha bolulo ke mohloli oa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea pyrethroid melapong ea litoropo.Phuputso e phatlalalitsoeng ho "Tšilafalo ea Tikoloho" ka 2009 e ile ea batlisisa "ho phalla ha metsi libakeng tsa bolulo haufi le Sacramento, California ... ka selemo.Li-pyrethroids li teng sampuling e 'ngoe le e' ngoe.Bifenthrin e ka metsing Boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ke 73 ng / L, 'me khatello e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea sediment e emisitsoeng ke 1211 ng / g.Li-pyrethroids ke lintho tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa lipatlisiso tsa chefo, tse lateloang ke cypermethrin le cyfluthrin.Bifenthrin e kanna ea tsoa ts'ebelisong Le hoja mokhoa oa nako ea selemo oa ho tsoa ka har'a li-drain o lumellana haholoanyane le tšebeliso ea litsebi e le mohloli o ka sehloohong oa ho sebelisoa ke basebetsi kapa litsebi tsa ho laola likokoanyana.Ho tsamaisa li-pyrethroids ho ea melapong ea litoropo, ho phalla ha metsi a pula ho bohlokoa ho feta ho phalla ha nosetso nakong ea komello.Lifefo tse matla li ka tšelisa likarolo tse 250 tsa metsi a bifenthrin linōkeng tsa litoropong nakong ea lihora tse 3, ’me sena ke ’nete le ka likhoeli tse 6 tsa ho nosetsa.”
Chefo ea chefo ea pyrethroids le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea organophosphate libakeng tse peli tse lebopong la leoatle (California, USA) e phatlalalitsoe ho "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" ka 2012, e ileng ea ithuta ka liphetoho tsa mahloriso le chefo ea organophosphates le pyrethroids.“Libaka tse leshome li ile tsa etsoa sampole libakeng tsa boithuto tse nne.Sebaka se seng se ile sa angoa ke toropo ha tse ling li le libakeng tsa tlhahiso ea temo.Letsetse la letsetse (Ceriodaphnia dubia) le ile la sebelisoa ho lekola chefo ea metsi, 'me Hyalella Azteca ea amphibian e ile ea sebelisoa ho lekola chefo ea sediment.Tlhahlobo ea Chemistry Identification e bonts'itse hore bongata ba chefo ea metsi e bonoang e bakiloe ke chefo e bolaeang likokonyana ea organophosphate, haholo rif e chefo, athe chefo ea sediment e bakiloe ke motsoako oa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea pyrethroid.Liphetho li bonts'itse hore ts'ebeliso ea mobu oa temo le oa litoropong Ho kenya letsoho chefo ea chefo ea chefo ena sebakeng se haufi sa metsi ... "
Lialmonde li sebelisa li-organophosphates le pyrethroids Phuleng ea San Joaquin le likotsi tsa tsona tse amanang le tikoloho.Phuputso ena ea 2012 e phatlalalitsoeng ho Journal of Soils and Sediments e sebelisitse polokelo ea California Pesticide Use Reports ho fumana mokhoa oa tšebeliso ea organic phosphorus (OP) le pyrethroids ka lialmonde ho tloha 1992 ho fihlela 2005. Tšebeliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea OP ka tekanyo efe kapa efe ea almond e fokotsehile.Leha ho le joalo, liphello tsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea pyrethroid li ile tsa fumanoa li fapane.Thutong ena, li-pyrethroids ha li kotsi hakaalo tikolohong ho feta OP.Liphello li bontša hore “tšebeliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana temong e matla le likotsi tse amanang le eona tsa tikoloho li na le phello e mpe ho mefuta-futa ea lintho tse phelang.”
Ho fumanoa ha neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid metsing a holim'a metsi a libaka tse tharo tsa temo California, USA, 2010-2011, phuputso ea 2012 e phatlalalitsoeng ho 2012 Environmental Pollution and Toxicology Bulletin e ile ea bokella libaka tse tharo tsa temo California 75 lisampole tsa metsi a holim'a metsi seterekeng, le "neonicotinoids" e bolaeang likokoanyana imidacloprid e ile ea hlahlojoa.Mehlala e ile ea bokelloa nakong ea nosetso e batlang e omme California ka 2010 le 2011. Imidacloprid e ile ea fumanoa lisampoleng tse 67 (89%).Khatello e ile ea feta tekanyo ea 1.05μg / L (19%) ea likokoana-hloko tse sa foleng tsa metsing tse sa foleng ka lisampole tsa 14 tsa US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).Lits'oants'o tsa mahloriso ka kakaretso li kholo ho feta litataiso tse ts'oanang tsa chefo tse thehiloeng Europe le Canada.Liphetho li bonts'a hore imidacloprid hangata e fallela libakeng tse ling ebe e silafatsa metsi a ka holim'a metsi, 'me mohopolo oa eona o ka lematsa lintho tse phelang metsing ka mor'a ho sebelisoa tlas'a maemo a temo ea nosetso California.”
Boemo ba chlorthalidone ea fungicide le corticosterone ho liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le metsing, ho itšireletsa mafung le ho shoa ha li-linear.Phuputso e phatlalalitsoeng ho "Environmental Health View" ka 2011 e bontšitse hore sebolaea-fungi se sebelisoang haholo United States, chlorothalonil Litekanyetso tse tlase le tsona li ka bolaea lihoho.Ho ea ka bafuputsi, tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale e nkoa e le tšokelo ea bobeli e kholo ho mefuta ea metsing le amphibian United States.Hobane litsamaiso tse ngata tsa bohlokoa tsa liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le metsing li tšoana le batho, bafuputsi ba lumela hore liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le metsing e ka ba mohlala o sa sebelisoeng hantle bakeng sa ho ithuta liphello tsa lik'hemik'hale bophelong ba batho tikolohong, 'me ba ikemiselitse ho lekanya karabelo ea liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le metsing ho ea ho chlorothalonil.Bala "Tlhōlo ea Likokoana-hloko Daily News", April 2011.
Tšusumetso ea thekenoloji ea taolo ea bohloa ho phalla le ho sebetsa ha chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana Thutong ena ea 2010 e hatisitsoeng ho Pest Management Science e ile ea batlisisa ho phalla ha bohloa ho potoloha libaka tsa bolulo (haholo-holo bifenthrin kapa fipronil sprays)."Nakong ea 2007, karolelano ea "bifenthrin spray" metsing a nosetso e ne e le 14.9 microg L (-1) beke ea 1 ka mor'a phekolo, le 2.5 microg L (-1) libeke tse 8 , Li phahame ka ho lekaneng.E chefo ho dikokwana-hloko tsa metsing.Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ka mor'a libeke tse 8 tsa phekolo ka li-granules tsa bifenthrin, ha ho na mahloriso a ileng a fumanoa metsing a phallang.Kakaretso ea motsoako oa fipronil e sebelisoang e le setlolo sa peripheral ka mor'a phekolo 4.2 micrograms L (-1) bakeng sa beke e le 'ngoe le 0.01 micrograms L (-1) libeke tse 8.Boleng ba pele bo boetse bo bontša hore e ka 'na ea nahanela lintho tse phelang.Ka 2008, ts'ebeliso ea libaka tse se nang spray le lisebelisoa tsa peripheral tsa phallo ea nale e ile ea fokotsa Phallo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.
Lipalangoang tsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana sebakeng se phallang holim'a makhulo a liboko: kamano pakeng tsa litšobotsi tsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana le lipalangoang tsa sechaba.Boithuto bona bo ile ba hatisoa koranteng ea Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry ka 2010. Teko ena e ne e etselitsoe ho "lekanya moferefere e le Palo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana sebakeng sa metsi a tsoang ho golf course fairways" ho utloisisa hamolemo lintlha tse amang ho fumaneha ha lik'hemik'hale le lipalangoang tse ngata.Ha e rekoa 'marakeng, rif e chefo e kentsoeng, fluoroacetonitrile, methacrylic acid (MCPP), letsoai la dimethylamine la 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) kapa 1% ho isa ho 23% ea dicamba pele ho pula e tšoanang (62 + /- 13 mm), tlhahiso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e ne e sebelisoa ka tekanyo ea ho tšoaea lihora tse 23 +/- 9.Phapang ea nako lipakeng tsa ho lema ha sekoti le metsi a phallang ha e ame haholo metsi a phallang kapa liperesente tsa lik'hemik'hale tse tšeloang metsing.Ntle le rif e chefo, lik'hemik'hale tsohle tse thahasellisang li ile tsa fumanoa sampuling ea pele ea ho phalla le ketsahalo eohle ea ho phalla.Limmapa tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa chefo tsena tse hlano tse bolaeang likokoanyana li latela mokhoa oa ho hlophisa motsamao o amanang le mobu oa organic carbon partition coefficient (K(OC)).Lintlha tse bokelletsoeng ho tsoa phuputsong ena li fana ka leseli mabapi le ho tsamaisoa ha lintho tsa lik'hemik'hale ka har'a mapolanka, tse ka sebelisoang ho etsa lipapiso ho bolela esale pele monyetla oa tšilafalo e seng ntlha ea mohloli le ho hakanya likotsi tsa tikoloho.”
Atrazine e etsa hore ho be le basali ka ho feletseng le ho aroloa ka lik'hemik'hale ho lihohoana tse tona tsa Afrika (Xenopus laevis).Phuputso ena, e hatisitsoeng ho Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ka 2010, "e paka liphello tsa ho ikatisa tsa atrazine ho liphoofolo tse phelang metsing a maholo.Ba batona ba pepesehetseng rdesine ka bobeli ba qhekelloa (chemical castration) O ile a boela a etsoa botšehali ka botlalo ho ba basali ba baholo.10% ya diphatsa tsa lefutso tse tona tse pepeneng di ile tsa fetoha tse tshehadi tse sebetsang hantle, tse kopanang le tse tona tse sa pepeswang mme di hlahisa mahe ka mahe.Banna ba pepeselitsoeng radixine ba na le bothata ba testosterone e fokotsehileng, Bongata ba litšoelesa tsa ho ba le bana boa fokotseha, kholo ea qoqotho e ba demasculine/feminized, boitšoaro ba ho nyalana boa thibeloa, spermatogenesis ea fokotseha, 'me tsoalo ea fokotseha.Boithuto bona "Atrazine e ile ea etsa hore basali ba feletse ho linqanqane tse tona tsa Afrika (Xenopus laevis) E hatisitsoeng ho "Chemistry and Chemical Castration".Bala litaba tsa letsatsi le letsatsi ka nģ'ane ho chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, March 2010.
Ho tsitlallela ha triclosan litsing tsa ho hloekisa metsi a litšila le litlamorao tse ka bang chefo ho li-biofilms tsa noka.Boithuto bona bo phatlalalitsoeng ho Aquatic Toxicology ka 2010 bo ile ba hlahloba litlamorao tsa triclosan e tsoang litsing tsa kalafo ea metsi a litšila tsa Mediterranean ho algae le libaktheria.."Sete sa liteishene tsa liteko se sebelisetsoa ho lekola litlamorao tsa nakoana tsa triclosan ho algae ea biofilm le libaktheria (ho tloha ho 0.05 ho isa ho 500 μgL-1).Motsoako oa triclosan o amanang le tikoloho o lebisa ho eketseha ha lefu la baktheria, 'me mahloriso a se nang phello (NEC) ke 0.21 μgL-1.Boemong bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa bo lekiloeng, libaktheria tse shoeleng li ne li etsa karolo ea 85% ea palo eohle ea libaktheria.Triclosan e chefo ho libaktheria ho feta algae.Ha motsoako oa triclosan o ntse o eketseha (NEC = 0.42μgL-1), katleho ea photosynthesis E thibetsoe, 'me mokhoa oa ho tima o se nang photochemical o fokotsehile.Keketseho ea mahloriso a triclosan e boetse e ama ts'ebetso ea lisele tsa diatom.Chefo ea algae e ka 'na ea e-ba phello ea phello e sa tobang ho chefo ea biofilm, empa e hlokomeloa likarolong tsohle tse amanang le algae Ho fokotseha ho totobetseng le butle-butle ho liphello ho bontša phello e tobileng ea fungicide.Chefo e fumanoeng likarolong tse sa lebelloang tse teng ka har'a biofilm, bokhoni ba triclosan ho phela ka mokhoa oa ho hloekisa likhoerekhoere le matla a ikhethileng a fokolang a tsamaiso ea Mediterranean. .”
Likokoana-hloko tsa Pyrethroid tse melatsoaneng ea salmon metseng ea Pacific Northwest li phatlalalitsoe ho "Tikoloho Pollution" ka 2010, "Sediments in Oregon le Washington State ... tsela eo li tsepameng ka eona li chefo haholo” ho liphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo tse utloang bohloko.Hoo e ka bang karolo ea boraro ea lisampole tsa sediment tse 35 li ne li na le li-pyrethroids tse ka lekanyetsoang.E amanang le chefo ea lintho tse phelang metsing, bifenthrin ke pyrethroid e amehang ka ho fetisisa, e lumellanang le lithuto tse fetileng libakeng tse ling.”
Atrazine e fokotsa ho ikatisa ha litlhapi tse mafura (Pimephales promelas).Phuputso ena e hatisitsoeng ka 2010 ka toxicology ea metsing e ile ea pepesa litlhapi tse mafura ho atrazine 'me ea hlokomela liphello tsa tlhahiso ea lehe, ho se tloaelehe ha lisele le maemo a hormone.Tlas'a maemo a ka tlase ho tataiso ea boleng ba metsi a EPA, litlhapi li pepesehela likhahla ho tloha ho 0 ho ea ho 50 micrograms ka litha e le nngwe ea desine ho fihlela matsatsi a 30.Bafuputsi ba fumane hore atrazine e senya mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho ikatisa, 'me litlhapi li ke ke tsa beha mahe a mangata ka mor'a hore li pepesehetse atrazine.Ha ho bapisoa le litlhapi tse sa pepesehang, tlhahiso ea lehe la litlhapi tse pepeselitsoeng atrazine e ne e le tlase ka hare ho 17 ho matsatsi a 20 ka mor'a ho pepeseha.Litlhapi tse pepeselitsoeng atrazine li behela mahe a fokolang, 'me lisele tsa ho ikatisa tsa banna le basali li ne li sa tloaeleha.Bala "Daily News Beyond chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana", June 2010.
Phello ea li-nanoparticles ho mahe a lihlapi tse mafura a hlooho e ntšo.Boithuto bona bo phatlalalitsoeng ho Ecotoxicology ka 2010 bo ile ba pepesa tlhapi e hlooho e ntšo ka mefuta e fapaneng ea litharollo tsa nanoparticle tse emisitsoeng ka lihora tse 96 nakong ea mekhahlelo e mengata ea nts'etsopele ea eona.Ha nanosilver e lumelloa ho rarolla, chefo ea tharollo e ile ea fokotseha ka makhetlo a 'maloa, empa e ntse e baka ho holofala ha litlhapi tse nyenyane.Ho sa tsotellehe phekolo ea ultrasound, nano-silevera e ka baka mekhoa e sa tšoaneng, ho akarelletsa le ho tsoa mali a hlooho le edema, 'me qetellong lefu.Bafuputsi ba fumane hore nanosilver e 'nileng ea e-ba sonicated kapa e emisitsoeng ka tharollo e chefo ebile e bolaea li-minnows tse chefo.Litlhapi tse mafura ke mofuta oa ntho e phelang e atisang ho sebelisoa ho lekanya chefo e phelang metsing.Bala litaba tsa letsatsi le letsatsi ka nģ'ane ho chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, March 2010.
Tlhahlobo ea boleng bo botle e senola liphello tse tsitsitseng tsa radix litlhapi tsa metsi a hloekileng le liphoofolo tse phelang metsing.Phuputso ea 2009 e phatlalalitsoeng ho "Environmental Health Perspective" e ile ea hlahloba lithuto tsa saense tse fetang 100 tse entsoeng ka radix ea 100.Bafuputsi ba fumane hore Tianjin e na le phello e sa tobang ka tsela e sa tobang litlhapi le liphoofolo tse phelang metsing, haholo-holo timetso ea ho itšireletsa mafung., Li-hormone le tsamaiso ea ho ikatisa."Atrazine e fokolitse boholo ba metamorphosis kapa haufi le metamorphosis lithutong tse 15 ho tse 17 le 14 ea mefuta e 14.Atrazine e ntlafalitse li-amphibians le litlhapi lithutong tse 12 ho tse 13.Lithutong tse 6 ho tse 7, boitšoaro bo khahlanong le libatana bo ile ba fokotsoa lithutong tse 6 ho tse 7, 'me matla a ho fofonela a litlhapi ho liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le metsing a ile a fokotseha.Ho fokotseha ha mekhoa ea ho itšireletsa mafung ea 13 le liphello tsa ts'oaetso ea 16 ho ne ho amahanngoa le ho fokotseha ha lithuto tsa 7 tsa 10, deflux e fetotse bonyane karolo e le 'ngoe ea li-gonadal morphology' me e tsoela pele ho ama ts'ebetso ea gonadal.Lithutong tse 2 ho tse peli, spermatogenesis e fetotsoe lithutong tse 7.Khatello ea lihomone tsa thobalano e fetotsoe lithutong tse 6.Atrazine ha ea ka ea ama vitellogenin lithutong tsa 5, 'me aromatase e ile ea kenngoa ho 1 feela ea lithuto tsa 6. "Bala "Agrochemical Daily News", Mphalane 2009.
Lintho tse silafatsang tsa Organohalogen le metabolites bokong ba li-dolphin karolong e ka bophirimela ea Atlantic Leboea.Tlaleho ea lipatlisiso e phatlalalitsoeng ho "Pollution ea Tikoloho" ka 2009 e bonts'itse litšila tse 'maloa, ho kenyeletsoa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea organochlorine (OCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), Hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs), methylsulfonyl PCBs (MeSO2-PCBs, polybrominated diphenyl ether) Li-retardants le li-OH-PBDE li fumaneha ka har'a cerebrospinal fluid le cerebellar grey matter ea liphoofolo tse anyesang tse 'maloa tsa leoatleng, ho kenyeletsoa le li-dolphin tse nang le melomo e mokhutšoane, li-dolphin tse sefahleho se sesoeu tsa Atlantic le liqibi tse putsoa. Khokahano ea li-PCB ka har'a mokelikeli oa cerebrospinal o grey sealed ke karolo e le 'ngoe ho milione. Bala litaba tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa Beyond Pesticides, May 2009.
Ho tloha ka 1995 ho isa 2004, ho ratana ha batho ba bong bo fapaneng ho ne ho atile libakeng tsa noka tsa Amerika (Micropterus spp.).Phuputso ea 2009, e phatlalalitsoeng ho Aquatic Toxicology, e ile ea hlahloba likamano tsa banna le basali har'a litlhapi tsa metsing a hloekileng libakeng tse robong tsa metsi United States."Li-oocyte tsa testicular (haholo-holo li-teste tsa banna tse nang le lisele tsa likokoana-hloko tsa basali) ke mokhoa o tloaelehileng haholo oa ho kopanela liphate o hlokometsoeng, le hoja palo e tšoanang ea litlhapi tse tona (n = 1477) le tse tšehali (n = 1633) li ile tsa hlahlojoa.Ho fumanoa ha batho ba bong bo fapaneng ho 3% ea litlhapi.Har'a mefuta e 16 e hlahlobiloeng, mefuta ea 4 (25%) le litlhapi tse 34 (31%) libakeng tsa 111 li fumanoe Boemo ba thobalano.Bisexuality ha e fumanehe mefuteng e mengata sebakeng se le seng, empa e tloaelehile haholo ho li-bass tse kholo (Micropterus salmoides; banna 18%) le li-smallmouth bass (M. dolomieu; banna 33%).Palo ea litlhapi tse nang le ba bong bo fapaneng karolong e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea li-bass tse kholo ke 8-91%, le li-smallmouth bass ke 14-73%.Ka boroa-bochabela ho United States, liketsahalo tsa batho ba bong bo fapaneng li holimo haholo, ho Apalachicola, li-bass tsa Sa Bisexual largemouth li teng libakeng tsohle tse likoung tsa Noka ea Fanner le Xiaojian.Ho sa tsotelehe hore na ho na le batho ba bong bo fapaneng, mercury, trans-HCB, p, p'-DDE, p, p'-DDD le PCB ke tsona tse silafatsang lik'hemik'hale tse bonoang khafetsa libakeng tsohle.
Letoto la lintho tse silafatsang: Kamoo motsoako o fokolang oa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana o amang baahi ba metsing.Tlaleho ena ea lipatlisiso e phatlalalitsoeng ho Oecologia ka 2009 "lithuto tsa ho sebelisa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana tse hlano (malathion, carbaryl, chefo rif, Diazinon le endosulfan) le litlama tse hlano (glyphosate, atrazine, acetochlor), mahloriso a tlase (2-16 ppb) alachlor, alachlor. le 2,4-D) E tla ama sechaba sa metsing se entsoeng ka zooplankton, phytoplankton, epiphytes le larval amphibians (senqanqane sa sefate sa grey, frog ea sefate, variegated lengau le lengau frog, Rana pipiens).Ke ne ke sebelisa mecha ea phatlalatso ea ka ntle ’me ka hlahloba chefo e ’ngoe le e ’ngoe e bolaeang likokoanyana ka thoko, Motsoako oa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, motsoako oa meriana e bolaeang limela le motsoako oa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana kaofela e leshome.”
Botlhole jwa dibolayadikhunkhwane tse pedi go ditshedi tse e seng tsa nuklea kwa California, USA, le kamano ya yona le go fokotsega ga palo ya ditshedi tse di tshelang mo metsing.Phuputso e phatlalalitsoeng ka 2009 ho "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" e ile ea batlisisa likokoana-hloko tse peli tse sebelisoang haholo bohareng ba California.Likokoana-hloko - chefo e sa foleng ea rif le endosulfan.Senqanqane sa lifate tsa larvae Pacific (Pseudacris regilla) le senqanqane se maoto a mosehla (Rana boylii), liphoofolo tse phelang metsing, li fokotsehile 'me li phela le ho ikatisa makhulong a haufi le Sierra Nevada.Bafuputsi ba ile ba pepesa li-larvae ho chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ho tloha sethaleng sa Gosner 25 ho isa ho 26 ka metamorphosis.Palo e hakanyetsoang ea bohareng e bolaeang (LC50) ea rif e chefo ke 365″ g/L ho regilla, le 66.5″ g/L bakeng sa R. boylii.Bafuputsi ba fumane hore endosulfan e chefo haholo ho chefo ka bobeli ho feta chefo ea chefo, 'me ha e pepesehile ka bongata ba endosulfan, tsoelo-pele ea mefuta e' meli e sa tloaeleha.Endosulfan e boetse e ama lebelo la kholo le nts'etsopele ea mefuta e 'meli.Bala "Agrochemical Daily News", Phupu 2009.
Phetisetso ea bo-'m'e ea xenobiotics le phello ea eona holim'a libass tse metsero ea larva ea San Francisco estuary.Boithuto bona ba 2008 bo phatlalalitsoeng ho PNAS bo fumane hore "lilemo tse 8 tsa liphetho tsa lipatlisiso tsa masimong le tsa laboratori li bonts'a hore li-bass tse neng li sa tloaeleha li etsahetse nakong ea pele ea bophelo ea leoatle la San Francisco.Litšilafalo tse bolaeang li ile tsa pepesa sebaka sa noka, 'me palo ea batho e ntse e tsoela pele ho fokotseha ho tloha ha ho putlama qalong ka bo-1970.Li-PCB tsa Biologic, polybrominated diphenyl ethers le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e sebelisoang hona joale/maoto e ile ea fumanoa lisampong tsohle tsa mahe a litlhapi tse bokeletsoeng nokeng.Theknoloji e sebelisang molao-motheo oa stereoology e se nang leeme e ka lemoha liphetoho tsa tsoelo-pele tse neng li sa bonahale pele ka mekhoa e tloaelehileng.Tšebeliso e sa tloaelehang ea yolk, ho hōla ka tsela e sa tloaelehang ha boko le sebete, le khōlo e akaretsang li ile tsa hlokomeloa ke likokoanyana tsa litlhapi tse bokeletsoeng linōkeng.”
Karabelo ea sechaba le tikoloho ho ts'itiso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana tikolohong ea metsi a hloekileng.Boithuto bo phatlalalitsoeng ho Ecotoxicology ka 2008 bo sebelisitse mecha ea litaba ea ka ntle ea metsing ho fumana litlamorao tsa chefo e tloaelehileng ea Sevin le motsoako o sebetsang oa carbaryl ho plankton ea metsi a hloekileng Tšusumetso ea marang-rang a lijo."Re ile ra beha leihlo karabelo ea likokoana-hloko, li-phytoplankton le sechaba sa zooplankton ho kenyelletsa khatello ea oksijene.Nakoana ka mor'a ho sebelisoa ha Sevin, khatello ea carbaryl e ile ea fihla tlhōrōng ea eona 'me ea senyeha ka potlako,' me ha ho phapang ea phekolo e ileng ea fumanoa ka mor'a matsatsi a 30.Ka kalafo ea pulse, planktonic The ngata, mefuta-futa, bongata, le oksijene mahloriso a liphoofolo a fokotsehile, ha bongata ba phytoplankton le microorganisms eketseha.Ha ho bapisoa le melemo ea li-copods liphekolong tse ling tse tharo, zooplankton kalafong ea chefo e phahameng ea likokoanyana e entsoe haholo-holo E entsoe ka li-rotifers.Le hoja litšobotsi tse ngata tsa sechaba le tikoloho li bontša matšoao a ho hlaphoheloa nakong ea matsatsi a 40 ka mor'a hore li senngoe ke chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, ho ntse ho e-na le phapang ea bohlokoa le e kholo lichabeng tsa likokoana-hloko, phytoplankton le zooplankton ka mor'a ho senyeha ha chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana .
Letoto la liketsahalo tse neng li sa lebelloa: phello e bolaeang ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ho linqanqane maemong a kotsi.Boithuto bona bo phatlalalitsoeng ho "Ecology Applications" ka 2008 "e ithutile mokhoa oa ho sebelisa likhahla tse tlase ka bongata, linako le litekanyetso tse fapaneng (10- 250 micrograms/litha) ea sebolaea-likokoanyana se tloaelehileng lefatšeng (malathion).Khafetsa e amme lichaba tsa metsing tse nang le zooplankton, phytoplankton, limela tsa metsing le li-larval amphibians (tse tsoetsoeng ka bongata bo habeli) matsatsi a 79.Mekhoa eohle ea ts'ebeliso e lebisa ho fokotseng zooplankton, e leng se etsang hore ho be le trophic cascade moo phytoplankton e atang ka bongata.Liphekolong tse ling, li-epiphyte tse hlōlisanang hamorao lia fokotseha.Limela tse fokotsehileng tsa metsing li ama lihoho (lihoho) Nako ea metamorphosis ea Rana pipiens ha e na phello e nyane.Leha ho le joalo, senqanqane sa lengau (Rana pipiens) se fetoha nako e telele, 'me kholo le tsoelo-pele ea tsona li fokotsehile haholo.Ha tikoloho e omella, e lebisa lefung le latelang.Ka hona, malathion ( Ho bola ka potlako) ha ea ka ea bolaea liphoofolo tse phelang metsing ka ho toba, empa e ile ea baka karabelo ea trophic cascade, e leng ka tsela e sa tobang e ileng ea lebisa lefung la palo e kholo ea liphoofolo tse phelang metsing.Ke habohlokoa ho pheta kopo ka tekanyo e tlaase ka ho fetisisa (makhetlo a 7 ka beke, 10 µg / L ka nako e 'ngoe le e' ngoe) "Kalafo ea Ssqueeze") e na le tšusumetso e kholo ea 25 ho mefuta e mengata ea likarabo ho feta kopo e le 'ngoe ea "pulse".Liphetho tsena ha li bohlokoa feela, hobane malathion ke chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e sebelisoang haholo, empa e fumaneha le libakeng tse mongobo.'Me kaha mokhoa oa motheo oa ho phalla ha trophic o tloaelehile ho chefo e ngata ea likokoanyana, o fana ka monyetla oa hore batho ba bone esale pele chefo e ngata ea likokoanyana.Likokoana-hloko li ama lichaba tsa metsing le li-larval amphibians.
Hlalosa khatello ea maikutlo e kholo e amang li-macroinvertebrates tsa Salinas River (California, USA): liphello tse amanang le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana le likaroloana tse emisitsoeng.Boithuto bona ba 2006 bo phatlalalitsoe ho Environmental Pollution on amphibians, maleshoane le et al.Liphuputso li ile tsa etsoa ho fumana hore na ke li-stressers life tse ka bakang chefo haholo 'me li Nokeng ea California.“Lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li bontša hore ha ho bapisoa le matsoapo a fanyehiloeng Nōkeng ea Salinas, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ke mohloli oa bohlokoa haholoanyane oa khatello ea kelello ho likokoanyana tse khōlōhali.”
Ka mor'a ho pepesetsoa litekanyetso tse fokolang tsa ecologically tsa herbicide atrazine, hermaphrodite, lihohoana tsa demasculine li ile tsa hatisoa ho Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ka 2002. Phuputso ena e ile ea hlahloba liphello tsa atrazine ho senqanqane sa Afrika se clawed (Xenopus laevis).) Tšusumetso ea tsoelo-pele ea thobalano.Li-larvae li qoelisoa ka har'a atrazine (0.01-200 ppb) nakong eohle ea tsoelo-pele ea larva.Re ile ra hlahloba histology ea gonadal le boholo ba larynx nakong ea metamorphosis.Atrazine (> kapa = 0.1 ppb) e baka hermaphrodite Le ho thatafatsa 'metso oa banna ba hlobotseng (>or= 1.0 ppb).Ho feta moo, re ile ra hlahloba litekanyetso tsa testosterone tsa plasma tsa banna ba hōlileng tsebong.Ha e pepesehetse 25 ppb atrazine, litekanyetso tsa testosterone tsa banna X. laevis li fokotsehile ka makhetlo a 10.Re ile ra nahana hore atrazine e tla kenya aromatase le ho khothalletsa phetoho ea testosterone ho estrogen.Tšenyo ena ea tlhahiso ea steroid e ka 'na ea hlalosa demasculinization ea larynx ea banna le tlhahiso ea hermaphroditism.E atlehang joalokaha ho tlalehiloe thutong ea morao-rao Boemo ke ho pepeseha ha sebele, ho bontšang hore liphoofolo tse ling tse phelang metsing tse phelang le atrazine naheng li ka 'na tsa e-ba kotsing ea ho senyeha ha tsoelo-pele ea thobalano.Mefuta ena e mengata ea metsoako le litšitiso tse ling tsa tikoloho ea tikoloho e ka 'na ea e-ba sesosa sa ho fokotseha ha palo ea liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le metsing lefatšeng ka bophara.”
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