Fipronil wakupha zachilengedwe ndikupha kwambiri kuposa momwe amaganizira kale ndipo amapezeka m'madzi ku United States Okutobala 27, 2020.
US Geological Survey idapeza kuti kusakaniza kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumafalikira kwambiri m'mitsinje ndi mitsinje yaku US Seputembara 24, 2020.
Wakupha mafashoni: Lipotilo likupeza kuti makampani opanga zovala ndiyemwe amayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachilengedwe pa Seputembara 17, 2020.
Madzi oundana a ku Arctic amatenga mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zinthu zina zowononga chilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi, ndikutulutsa mankhwala owopsa kutentha kwa dziko kusungunuka.Ogasiti 20, 2020
Ma dolphin omwe ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja kum'mawa akudwala komanso ali ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mapulasitiki, mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso zitsulo zolemera August 19, 2020.
Chitanipo kanthu!Uzani Evian kuti athandizire kusintha kwapadziko lonse kupita ku organic kuti ateteze kukhulupirika kwa zofunikira zake zachiyero pa Julayi 27, 2020.
Zotsatira zophatikizana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kusintha kwanyengo zimawononga kwambiri nsomba zam'madzi zam'madzi pa Julayi 21, 2020
Malinga ndi USGS, mankhwala amodzi kapena angapo mu 56% yamadzi mumitsinje yotsatiridwa adapitilira mulingo umodzi wazamoyo zam'madzi.Zambiri mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombowa zimagwirizanitsidwanso ndi zotsatira za thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo khansa, zolepheretsa kubadwa, zotsatira za ubongo ndi ubereki.Kafukufuku wotsatirawu akuwonetsa momwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo amakhudzira madzi, thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe.
National Water Quality: The Ecological Health of National Rivers, 1993-2005, lipoti la 2013 loperekedwa ndi US Geological Survey "kutengera momwe zamoyo zimakhalira zokhudzana ndi zofunikira zakuthupi ndi mankhwala (monga digiri) ndende ya zakudya ndi zina kusungunuka zoipitsa.Algae, macroinvertebrates ndi nsomba zimatha kuyeza mwachindunji thanzi la mtsinjewo chifukwa amakhala mumtsinje kwa milungu ingapo mpaka zaka zingapo, chifukwa chake, m'kupita kwa nthawi Zotsatira za kusintha kwa malo awo opangira mankhwala ndi thupi zikuphatikizidwa mosalekeza. "Mapeto a lipotilo ndi akuti: "Poyesa kumvetsetsa zifukwa za kuchepa kwa thanzi la mitsinje, kuwonjezera pa kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka kayendedwe kake, zotsatira zomwe zingatheke za zakudya ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ziyenera kuganiziridwanso, makamaka pazaulimi ndi midzi."Ndipotu, malinga ndi wolembayo, gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a mitsinje yaulimi ndi midzi yomwe imatengedwa kuti ndi yathanzi.Mitsinje imeneyi imakhala ndi madzi ochuluka achilengedwe, pamene misewu ndi minda imatulutsa madzi otsekemera ochepa.
Kupezeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'madzi ndi m'matope omwe amasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku malo okhala amphibian ku United States mu 2009-2010.Kafukufukuyu wopangidwa ndi US Geological Service mu 2012 adafufuza California pakati pa 2009 ndi 2010 Zambiri pamasamba 11 m'boma ndi masamba 18 kwina.Gwiritsani ntchito gas chromatography/mass spectrometry kuti mufufuze mankhwala ophera tizilombo 96 mu zitsanzo za madzi.Pachitsanzo chimodzi kapena zingapo za madzi 54, mankhwala ophera tizilombo 24 adapezeka, kuphatikiza 7 fungicides, 10 herbicides, 4 mankhwala, 1 synergist ndi 2 mankhwala osokoneza bongo.Pogwiritsa ntchito m'zigawo zosungunulira, gel osakaniza permeation chromatography kuchotsa sulfure ndi carbon/alumina kudzikundikira olimba gawo m'zigawo ndime kuchotsa kusokoneza chimbudzi masanjidwewo, 94 mankhwala mu zinyalala zitsanzo bedi anasanthula.M'matope a m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, mankhwala ophera tizilombo 22 adapezeka m'chitsanzo chimodzi kapena zingapo, kuphatikizapo 9 fungicides, 3 pyrethroid insecticides, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p, p'-DDT) ndi mankhwala ake akuluakulu owononga ndi mankhwala ophera udzu.Lipoti loperekedwa ndi United States Geological Service "Kupezeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'madzi ndi matope omwe amasonkhanitsidwa m'malo okhala amphibian ku United States kuyambira 2009 mpaka 2010".
Kuthetsa vuto la nitrate ku California madzi akumwa Lipoti lomwe linaperekedwa ku 2012 ndi University of California Davis (UC Davis) linaphunzira madera anayi a Nyanja ya Tulare Basin ndi dera la Monterey County ku Salinas Valley.Kafukufukuyu anapeza kuti: “Vuto la nitrate limatha zaka zambiri.Mpaka pano, feteleza waulimi ndi zinyalala za nyama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumunda ndizo malo akuluakulu a nitrate m'madzi apansi;kuchepetsa katundu wa nitrate n'kotheka, ndipo ena ndi otsika mtengo Kuchepetsa kwambiri katundu wa nitrate pamadzi apansi pa nthaka kudzakhala ndi ndalama zambiri zachuma;Kukonza mwachindunji kuchotsa nitrati m'mabeseni akuluakulu a pansi pa nthaka ndikokwera mtengo ndipo mwaukadaulo sikutheka.M'malo mwake, "kupopera ndi kuthira feteleza" ndikuwongolera kukonzanso madzi apansi panthaka Ndi njira yotsika mtengo yanthawi yayitali;Zochita zochepetsera madzi (monga kusakaniza, kuyeretsa ndi kupereka madzi m'malo ena) ndizotsika mtengo kwambiri.Pamene kuipitsa kwa nitrate kukupitirirabe kufalikira, nthawi zambiri kusakaniza kumacheperachepera.Madera ang'onoang'ono ambiri sangakwanitse kugula madzi akumwa abwino komanso ntchito zoperekera madzi akumwa.Mitengo yokhazikika yokwera idzakhudza kwambiri machitidwe ang'onoang'ono.Njira yodalirika kwambiri yopezera ndalama ndi ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito feteleza wa nayitrogeni m'malo awa;Ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito feteleza wa nayitrogeni zitha kubweza madera ang'onoang'ono omwe akhudzidwa. Kuchepetsa ndalama ndi kuonongeka kwa nitrate;kusagwirizana ndi kusapezeka kwa deta kumalepheretsa kuunika kogwira mtima komanso kosalekeza.Kuphatikizika m'boma ndikofunikira kuti muphatikize zosonkhanitsira zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi madzi zomwe zimachitika m'maiko ambiri ndi mabungwe am'deralo.
Chitsanzo chochepetsera kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa atrazine ndi desethylatrazine m'madzi osaya pansi pazaulimi ku United States.Kafukufukuyu wofalitsidwa mu Journal of Environmental Quality mu 2012 adagwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cholosera madzi osaya pansi pa malo omwe angathe kulimidwa Kuchuluka kwa atrazine ndi deethylatrazine yake yowonongeka (DEA).Ku United States konse.Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti pafupifupi 5% yokha ya madera aulimi omwe ali ndi mwayi wopitilira 10% kupitilira mulingo woyipa kwambiri wa USEPA wa 3.0 μgL.
Mbalamezi zimaphuka pa Nyanja ya Erie, zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi zochitika zaulimi ndi zanyengo, zimalemba mbiri ndipo zimagwirizana ndi zomwe zikuyembekezeka mtsogolo.Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences mu 2012 adatsimikiza kuti: "Zomwe zimachitika nthawi yayitali pazaulimi komanso kuchuluka kwa phosphorous kumadzulo Kuwonjezeka kumagwirizana.M’mphepete mwa nyanjayi, zinthu zimenezi, limodzi ndi mmene zinthu zinayendera m’nyengo ya chilimwe cha 2011, zinachititsa kuti pakhale zakudya zambirimbiri.”Mwachidule, vuto la ndere ku Nyanja ya Erie limadza chifukwa cha ulimi, makamaka feteleza.Zogwiritsidwa ntchito, izi zimapereka chakudya chakukula kwa maluwa akuluakulu.Kutentha kwanyengo kumakulitsa izi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti cyanobacteria kapena cyanobacteria ikule ndikuchulukana, potero imatulutsa poizoni.Mutu wakuti “Kafukufuku wosunga mbiri ya maluwa a ndere za Nyanja ya Erie mogwirizana ndi mikhalidwe yoyembekezeredwa ya mtsogolo chifukwa cha zochitika zaulimi ndi zanyengo” unasindikizidwa mu Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.Werengani "Nkhani Zochotsa Mankhwala Ophera tizilombo" kuyambira Epulo 2013.
The Fate and Transportation of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid in Surface Water of Agricultural Basins Nkhani ina mu "Pest Management Science" mu 2012 inatsimikiza kuti "glyphosate ndi AMPA amapezeka kawirikawiri m'madzi a pamwamba pa mabeseni anayi a ulimi."Mafupipafupi odziwika ndi matalikidwe a beseni lililonse ndi osiyana, ndipo katundu (monga kuchuluka kwa ntchito) ali pakati pa 0.009 ndi 0.86%, zomwe zingakhale zogwirizana ndi zizindikiro zitatu: mphamvu ya gwero, kuthamanga kwa mvula ndi njira yodutsa.”
Glyphosate ndi zinthu zake zowononga (AMPA) zimagawidwa kwambiri m'nthaka, pamwamba pa madzi, pansi pa nthaka ndi mvula ku United States.Kafukufuku wa 2011 wotulutsidwa ndi USGS kuyambira 2001 mpaka 2009 akufotokoza mwachidule zitsanzo za madzi ndi matope zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa kuyambira 2001 mpaka 2009 Kuchuluka kwa glyphosate.Zotsatira za malo 3,606.Zitsanzo zotsimikizirika za 1,008 zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku mayiko a 38 ndi District of Columbia zinasonyeza kuti glyphosate ndi yothamanga kwambiri kuposa momwe ankaganizira kale ndipo imafalitsidwa kwambiri m'chilengedwe.Glyphosate amapezeka kawirikawiri mu nthaka ndi matope (91% ya chitsanzo), ngalande ndi ngalande (71%), mpweya (71%), mitsinje (51%) ndi mitsinje yaikulu (46%) Kuti;m’madambo (38%), madzi a m’nthaka (34%), m’nyanja (22%), m’malo osungiramo madzi oipa (WWTP) (9%) ndi madzi apansi panthaka (6%) amapezeka kawirikawiri.The American Geophysical Union inafalitsa kafukufuku pa "Wide Distribution of Glyphosate and Its Degradation Products (AMPA) mu Soil, Surface Water, Undergroundwater and Precipitation ku United States, 2001-2009 ″.
Kuchitika ndi tsogolo la glyphosate ndi aminomethylphosphonic acid wake wowonongeka mumlengalenga.Mu 2011, nkhaniyi yofalitsidwa mu "Environmental Toxins and Chemicals" inali yokhudza glyphosate, mankhwala ophera udzu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso ake Lipoti loyamba la kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe cha kuwonongeka kwakukulu.Mankhwalawa amapanga aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) m'masiku amvula komanso mvula ...Mumpweya ndi madzi amvula, kuchuluka kwa glyphosate kumakhala pakati pa <0.01 mpaka 9.1 ng/m(3) ndi <0.1 mpaka 2.5 µg/L… Sizikudziwikabe kuti glyphosate idzalowetsedwa mu mlengalenga. , koma akuti mpaka 0.7% ya mapulogalamu amachotsedwa mumlengalenga pakagwa mvula.Glyphosate imatha kuchotsedwa bwino mumlengalenga;akuti mvula ya ≥30 mm mlungu uliwonse imatha kuchotsa pafupifupi 97% ya glyphosate yomwe ili mumlengalenga "
Bungwe la Environmental Working Group on Hexavalent Chromium in Tap Water ku United States linapeza mu lipoti limene linatulutsidwa mu 2011 kuti, malinga ndi zofufuza za m’ma labotale, “madzi a pampopi a m’mizinda 31 mwa mizinda 35 ya ku United States ali ndi chromium (kapena kuti chromium ya hexavalent). .Ichi ndi carcinogenic "Eileen Brokovic Chemical."Mulingo wapamwamba kwambiri wapezeka ku Norman, Oklahoma.Honolulu, Hawaii;Mizinda 25 yoyesedwa ndi EWG inali ndi ma carcinogens apamwamba kuposa California Cholinga chaumoyo wa anthu.Madzi apampopi (anthu 90,000) ochokera ku Norman, Oklahoma ndi oposa 200 malire a chitetezo omwe California ananenera.
Kuyambira 2005 mpaka 2006, azoxystrobin, propiconazole ndi fungicides ena osankhidwa anachitika m'mitsinje ya ku America.Nkhani ya mu 2011 yofalitsidwa mu “Kuwonongeka kwa Madzi, Mpweya ndi Dothi” inapeza kuti: “Pali zitsanzo 103 Pafupifupi mankhwala ophera mabakiteriya amodzi anapezeka mu 56%, ndipo 5 mwa iwo anali opha tizilombo.Zinapezeka mu chitsanzo chimodzi, ndipo zosakaniza za bactericides zinali zofala.Chodziwika kwambiri chinali azoazolone (45 mwa 103 zitsanzo).%), kutsatiridwa ndi metalaxyl (27%), propiconazole (17%), mycotin (9%) ndi tebuconazole (6%).Mitundu yodziwika ya fungicides ndi 0.002 mpaka 1.15μg/L.Inde Pali zizindikiro zosonyeza kuti matenda a fungicides ndi a nyengo, ndipo chiwerengero cha matenda chimakhala chokwera kwambiri kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndi kumayambiriro kwa autumn kusiyana ndi masika, ndipo chiwerengero cha matenda ndi chachikulu.M'malo ena, mankhwala opha fungicides adapezeka m'zitsanzo zonse zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti mitsinje ina imatha kuwoneka nyengo yonseyi ... "
Kusintha kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'madzi amtunda ku California komwe amalima mpunga.Kafukufukuyu yemwe adatulutsidwa ndi USGS mu 2011 "adafufuza za kusintha kwa madzi a minda ya mpunga ya California, yomwe ili yofunika kwambiri ku Sacramento / San Joaquin River Delta, Sacramento / San Joaquin River Delta ndi malo ofunikira kwa anthu ambiri omwe ali pangozi.92 mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zinthu zowononga mankhwala m'madzi osefedwa adawunikidwa ndi gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.Azoxystrobin ndi azoxystrobin ndi mankhwala owononga tizilombo adapezeka pachitsanzo chilichonse.3,4-DCA (chinthu chachikulu chowola cha propane), kuchuluka kwake komwe kunali 136 ndi 128μg, motsatana./L, clomazone ndi thiobencarb adapezeka m'madzi opitilira 93%, kuchuluka kwake kunali 19.4 ndi 12.4μg. /L.Propylene glycol imapezeka mu 60% ya zitsanzo zomwe zimakhala ndi 6.5μg/L.
Quantitative Analysis of Organic Phosphate Pesticides in Urban Drinking Water Kafukufukuyu, wofalitsidwa mu International Journal of Mass Spectrometry mu 2011, adagwiritsa ntchito njira yodziwika bwino yowerengera ma organic compounds asanu ndi atatu m'madzi amadzi okhala ndi ngL-1 concentration.Phosphate mankhwala.Ofufuza anapeza monocrotophos, imidacloprid, triazophos, attriazine, propanol, quinolol, ndi methazine mu organic phosphates m'madzi akumwa ndi zimbudzi zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kumadera osiyanasiyana a mzindawo.
Kuyerekeza kwa kusefukira kwa mankhwala a herbicide m'munda ndi kuwonongeka kwa kutentha: kafukufuku wam'munda wazaka zisanu ndi zitatu.Nkhani ya 2010 yomwe idasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala ya "Environmental Quality" idaphunzira kuthamanga ndi kusinthasintha kwa diazepam ndi metapropamide.Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti ngakhale mphamvu ya nthunzi ya mankhwala a herbicides awiriwo ndi yocheperako, kutayika kwawo kwamphamvu kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa kutayika kwa madzi (<0.007).Kutayika kwakukulu kwapachaka kwa alachlor sikunapitirire 2.5%, ndipo kuthamanga kwapakati sikunapitirire 3% yakugwiritsa ntchito.Kumbali ina, kutayika kowonjezereka kwa mankhwala a herbicide pakatha masiku 5 kumayambira pafupifupi 5-63% ya metolachlor ndi pafupifupi 2-12% ya dezine.Kuphatikiza apo, kutayika kwamphamvu kwa mankhwala ophera udzu masana kunali kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa kutayika kwa nthunzi usiku (<0.05).Kafukufukuyu adatsimikizira kuti kutayika kwa nthunzi kwa mankhwala ophera udzu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri nthawi zambiri kumaposa kutayika kwa madzi.M'malo omwewo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira yofananira, kutayika kwa nthunzi wa herbicide kumasiyana kwambiri chaka ndi chaka chifukwa cha chilengedwe.”
Zomwe zikuchitika pakuchulukira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'mitsinje yakumatauni ku United States.Kuchokera mu 1992 mpaka 2008, kafukufuku wa 2010 wotulutsidwa ndi bungwe la United States Geological Survey anatola zitsanzo kuchokera m’mitsinje ya m’tauni ya ku United States n’kuona ngati kuli “mankhwala ophera udzu asanu ndi atatu ndi chinthu chimodzi chowononga.”(Simazine, promer, atrazine, des-ethylatrazine”, alachlor, trifluralin, pendimethalin, tebutinol ndi dakota, ndi mankhwala asanu ophera tizilombo. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa zinthu zambiri zofunika, kaya zokwera kapena zotsika, zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi nthawi, dera, ndi mankhwala ophera udzu.
Mu 2002-05, ma anthropogenic organic compounds m'magulu asanu ndi anayi amadzi ammudzi adachotsedwa mumitsinje.Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa ndi United States Geological Survey (USGS) mu 2008 adapeza kuti "pafupifupi theka (134) la mankhwalawo adapezeka kamodzi kokha mu zitsanzo za madzi.Kawirikawiri 47 mankhwala (mu 10% kapena kuposa) Zitsanzo), ndi 6 mankhwala (chloroform, r-dezine, octazine, metolachlor, desethylatrazine ndi hexahydrohexamethylcyclopentabenzopyridine) anapezeka oposa theka la zitsanzo HHCB.ndiye gulu lomwe limapezeka pafupipafupi m'malo asanu pamasamba aliwonse (chaka chonse).Kupezeka kwa chloroform, onunkhira wa hydrocarbon HHCB ndi acetylhexamethyltetralin (AHTN) kumasonyeza kutuluka kwa madzi oipa kumtunda kwa beseni Pali mgwirizano pakati pa kupezeka ndi kukhalapo kwa mankhwala ophera udzu.Mankhwala a herbicide attriazine, simazine ndi metolachlor ndiwonso omwe amadziwika kwambiri.Mankhwala ophera udzuwa ndi zinthu zowononga za mankhwala ena ambiri opha udzu nthawi zambiri amakhala okhudzana ndi Kuyesa kwapawiri kofanana kapena kupitilira apo.Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zosakaniza ziwiri kapena zingapo.Chiwerengero chonse cha mankhwala ndi c Pamene chiwerengero cha malo akumidzi ndi alimi m'chigwachi chikuwonjezeka, kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo kumawonjezeka. "
Kuchokera mu 1991 mpaka 2004, khalidwe la madzi a zitsime zoweta m'madzi akuluakulu ku United States.Iyi ndi nkhani ya 2008 yofalitsidwa ndi United States Geological Survey (USGS) monga gawo la National Water Quality Assessment Program."Zitsanzo zamadzi zidatengedwa nthawi ya 1991-2004.Zotengedwa m'zitsime zapakhomo (madzi akumwa a m'zitsime zapayekha zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba) kuti afufuze zowononga m'madzi akumwa.Malinga ndi tanthauzo la Safe Drinking Water Act, zowononga zimatengedwa ngati zonse zomwe zili m'madzi… Muli pafupifupi 23 onse.% Mwa zitsimezo zimakhala ndi choipitsa chimodzi chomwe chimachulukira kuposa MCL kapena HBSL.Kutengera kusanthula kwa zitsanzo kuchokera ku zitsime za 1389, zowononga zambiri m'zitsanzozi zayesedwa ... "
Ndemanga ya sayansi ya kafukufuku wa geological wa Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem ku United States ndi kufunikira kwake pakuwongolera zachilengedwe.Nkhaniyi yofalitsidwa ndi USGS mu 2007 inafotokoza mwachidule motere: “Kusintha kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka, ubwino wa madzi mu beseni, kuphatikizapo zakudya, matope ndi zowononga;Pankhani ya kusintha kwanthaŵi yaitali kwa madzi a m’mphepete mwa nyanjayo, malo okhala m’mphepete mwa nyanjayi amakhala m’zomera za m’madzi za pansi pa madzi ndi madambo a m’madzi, komanso zinthu zimene zimakhudza nsomba ndi mbalame za m’madzi.”… “Maphatikizidwe ophera tizilombo ndi zinthu zina zowononga zakhala m’madzi apansi panthaka ndi mitsinje ya Gulf Basin Amadziwika kwambiri.Mankhwala odziwika kwambiri ndi mankhwala ophera udzu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chimanga, soya ndi timbewu tating'ono.Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amapezekanso m’mizinda.Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amakhalapo chaka chonse, koma kusintha kwa ndende yawo kumawonetsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito ndi mawonekedwe omwe amakhudza kusamuka kwawo;Zowonongeka zomwe zikubwera monga mankhwala ndi mahomoni zapezekanso ku Gulf Basin, zomwe zili ndi kuchuluka kwambiri m'matauni onyansa.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo aulimi ndi zinthu zina zowononga m'malo asanu amadzi ndi tsinde la Chesapeake Bay ku United States.Nkhani yomwe idasindikizidwa mu "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" mu 2007 idaphunzira mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'magawo asanu amadzi: "Kumayambiriro kwa kasupe wa 2000, zitsanzo zamadzi apamwamba zidasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kumasamba 18 ku Chesapeake Bay.Kusanthula kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Mu 2004, malo okwana 61 a nyengo m'malo ambiri odzaza ndi mafunde adadziwika kuti ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo 21 ndi zinthu zowononga 11, zitatu mwazo zili pa Agricultural Del Mar Peninsula: Mtsinje wa Chester, Mtsinje wa Nantic ndi Mtsinje wa Pocomok, madera awiri ali kumadzulo kwa mtsinjewu. mzinda.Magombe: Rhode River, Procyon ndi Lower Mobok Bay, kuphatikizapo Hou River ndi Pokson River.M'maphunziro awiriwa, mankhwala ophera udzu ndi zowonongeka zawo ndizo zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri Mu 2000, pyrazine ndi alachlor zinapezeka m'madera onse a 18 mu 2000. Mu 2004, mankhwala ophera udzu wambiri anapezeka kumtunda wa Chester River.M'maphunzirowa, kusanthula kulikonse Kuyika kwa zinthuzo ndi ethane sulfonic acid ya 2,900 ng/L metolachlor (MESA) mumtsinje wa Nanticoke.The degradation product MESA imapezeka mumtsinje wa Pocomoke (2,100 ng/L) ndi Chester River (1,200 ng/L).Kuchuluka kwa analyte mu L) nakonso ndikokwera kwambiri. ”
National Water Quality - Mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu mitsinje yapadziko lonse ndi pansi pa madzi.Nkhani ya 2006 yofalitsidwa ndi USGS kuyambira 1992 mpaka 2001 ikufuna kuyankha: "Kodi mitsinje ndi madzi apansi m'dziko lathu ndi otani?Kodi khalidweli limasintha bwanji pakapita nthawi?Kodi chilengedwe ndi zochita za anthu ndi ziti?Kukhudza ubwino wa mitsinje ndi pansi pa nthaka.Kodi zotsatira zake zoonekeratu zili kuti?Pophatikiza chidziwitso chokhudza madzi amadzimadzi, maonekedwe a thupi, malo okhala mumtsinje ndi zamoyo zam'madzi, pulogalamu ya NAWQA ikufuna kupereka njira yozikidwa pa sayansi pazochitika zamadzi zomwe zikuchitika komanso zomwe zikuchitika komanso zofunikira kwambiri Zomwe zimayendera NAWQA.Zotsatira za NAWQA zimathandizira kupanga zisankho zodziwika bwino kuti apange kasamalidwe koyenera ka madzi ndi chitetezo chamadzi ndi njira zobwezeretsanso. ”
Mtundu wapoizoni wam'madzi wamalo am'mphepete mwa nyanja omwe amakhala ndiulimi ku California adasindikizidwa mu 1999 mu Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment."Cholinga chake ndikufufuza zomwe zimachitika, kuopsa kwake, gwero ndi zomwe zimayambitsa poizoni wa m'madzi wa kuipitsidwa komwe sikuchokera m'mitsinje ndi magombe.Zowononga zowonongeka zochokera kumadera aulimi ndi m'matauni pafupi ndi mtsinje wa Pajaro, malo osankhidwa, mitsinje yopita kumtunda, matope otsetsereka.Mankhwala atatu ophera tizilombo (toxaphene, DDT ndi diazinon adapezeka kuti ndi okwera kuposa momwe zimawonekera pazamoyo zam'madzi zam'deralo, poizoni wa m'mphepete mwa mitsinje Zokhudzana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi a mitsinje.
Kafukufuku wamadzi ndi thanzi la anthu adapeza kuti triclosan ndi zinthu zake zowola zimawononga nyanja zam'madzi opanda mchere.Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu 2013 ndi Environmental Science and Technology adawonetsa matope a m'nyanja zam'madzi ku Minnesota, kuphatikiza Lake Superior.Wolemba nawo kafukufukuyu, Dr. Bill Arnold, pulofesa wa payunivesite ya Minnesota, anati: “Tinapeza kuti m’nyanja zonse muli triclosan m’matope, ndipo chiyambire kupangidwa kwa triclosan mu 1964, kuchulukirachulukira kwachulukira. wakhala Kuwonjezeka.Mpaka lero.Tazindikiranso kuti pali zinthu zina zisanu ndi ziwiri zomwe zimachokera ku triclosan, zomwe zilinso m'matope, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kumawonjezekanso pakapita nthawi.Zinthu zina zowola zomwe asayansi apeza Ndi dibenzo-p-dioxins a polychlorinated (PCDDs), gulu la mankhwala omwe amadziwika kuti ndi oopsa kwa anthu ndi nyama zakuthengo.Werengani nkhani ya “Kuchotsa Mankhwala Ophera tizilombo Daily News”, January 2013.
Kupezeka ndi gwero la mankhwala ophera tizirombo a pyrethroid m'mitsinje ya mitsinje ya madera asanu ndi awiri aku mizinda yayikulu ku United States.Kafukufukuyu wa 2012 wofalitsidwa mu Environmental Science and Technology adawunikiranso zambiri zamtundu wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a pyrethroid., Anapeza kuti "mmodzi kapena angapo a pyrethroids adapezeka pafupifupi theka la zitsanzo, zomwe bifenthrin ili ndi chiwerengero chapamwamba kwambiri chodziwika.Pafupipafupi (41%), ndipo amapezeka m'matauni onse.Kupezeka pafupipafupi kwa cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, permethrin ndi permetrin ndikotsika kwambiri.Kuchuluka kwa pyrethroid ndi kufa kwa hyaluronic acid mu kuyesa kwa masiku 28 ndikotsika kuposa maphunziro ambiri a m'mphepete mwa mitsinje.Kutembenuka kwa Logarithmic kwa ma pyrethroids Toxic units (TUs) amagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa kupulumuka, ndipo bifenthrin ikhoza kuyambitsa kawopsedwe kambiri kowonedwa.Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti ma pyrethroids amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'matanthwe a mitsinje ndipo amatha kuyikidwa m'mitsinje yonse ya Poizoni.Dziko.”
Ma biomarkers a mkodzo a prenatal Atrazine exposure ndi zotsatira zoyipa za kubadwa mu gulu lobadwa la PELAGIE.Kafukufukuyu adasindikizidwa mu "Environmental Health Perspective" ndi "kuwunika mgwirizano pakati pa zotsatira za kubadwa koyipa ndi zizindikiro za mkodzo za prenatal atrazine exposure.Ubale pakati pa mankhwala ophera udzu awiriwa ndi kuwonekera kwa mankhwala ena ophera udzu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pambewu ya chimanga (octazine, pretilachlor, metolachlor ndi acetochlor)… Kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito kamangidwe ka magulu, ndipo mlanduwu udakhazikitsidwa mu 2002 M'gulu loyembekezera kubadwa lomwe linachitikira ku Brittany, France mpaka 2006. Tinasonkhanitsa zitsanzo za mkodzo kuchokera kwa amayi apakati kuti tiwone zizindikiro za kukhudzana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo pamaso pa 19th.Kafukufukuyu anali woyamba kuyesa mgwirizano pakati pa zotsatira za kubadwa ndi triazines ndi triazines.Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi ma biomarkers angapo amkodzo a chloroacetanilide herbicide exposure.M’maiko amene atrazine akugwiritsidwabe ntchito, umboni wokhudzana ndi zotsatirapo zoipa za kubadwa wakopa chidwi chapadera.”
Kuwunika kwa ufulu wa anthu wa herbicides mumlengalenga ku Delta Lake ku Oregon, lipoti la 2011 loperekedwa ndi Environmental and Human Rights Advisory Committee linaphunzira za kuwonekera kwa mankhwala ophera udzu ku nkhalango pafupi ndi mabanja komanso zotsatira zake paumoyo wa mabanjawa."Weyerhaeuser atapanga kupopera mbewu kwa ndege pa Epulo 8 ndi Epulo 19, motsatana, zitsanzo za mkodzo kuchokera kwa anthu 34, kuphatikiza okhalamo, zidaperekedwa ku labotale ya Emory University ndikuyesedwa ndi 2, Kukhalapo kwa 4-D.Zitsanzo zonse makumi atatu ndi zinayi za urea zidapezeka ndi mankhwala ophera udzu.Zitsanzo ziwiri: mkodzo wamkulu wa atrazine unawonjezeka ndi 129 mu mkodzo pambuyo pa ntchito ya mlengalenga %, kuwonjezeka kwa 31% mu mkodzo 2,4-D, kuwonjezeka kwa 163% mu mkodzo wa atrazine mu mkodzo wa mkazi wamkulu. wokhala, ndi 54 ndi miyezi ingapo yapitayo Poyerekeza ndi mulingo woyambira, kuchuluka kwa 2,4-D mumkodzo pambuyo poti kugwiritsa ntchito mlengalenga kwawonjezeka.Malinga ndi miyezo yaufulu wa anthu, izi zitha kuyambitsa udindo wa bungwe. ”
Matenda owopsa ophera tizilombo okhudzana ndi kusokonekera kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amabwera chifukwa cha ntchito zaulimi: maiko 11, 1998-2006, kafukufukuyu adasindikizidwa mu "Environmental Health Perspective", "akuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa matenda owopsa omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kulowerera kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo muzaulimi wakunja Rate , ndi kusonyeza kutengeka ndi matenda.”Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti: “Kuyambira mu 1998 mpaka 2006, tidapeza milandu 2945 yokhudzana ndi kutayika kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'maboma 11.Zomwe tapeza zikuwonetsa kuti 47% ya anthu amakumana ndi ntchito, 92% ya anthu amadwala matenda ocheperako, ndipo 14% ya ana (<15 zaka).Pazaka 9 izi, zochitika zapachaka zidachokera pa 1.39 mpaka 5.32 pa anthu miliyoni.Ku California Pakati pa zigawo zisanu zaulimi, chiwerengero chonse cha ogwira ntchito zaulimi (zaka za anthu miliyoni) ndi 114.3, antchito ena ndi 0.79, osagwira ntchito ndi 1.56, ndipo okhalamo ndi 42.2.Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zofukiza m'nthaka kumapangitsa gawo lalikulu kwambiri (45%) Ntchito za Aviation ndi 24% ya milandu.Zinthu zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu azingoyenda pang'onopang'ono ndi monga nyengo, kutsekedwa kosayenera kwa malo opherapo utsi, komanso kusasamala kwa ogwiritsira ntchito pafupi ndi madera omwe sanawathandize."Kafukufukuyu anamaliza ndi mawu akuti: “Chifukwa cha kuwonekera mosokonekera, ogwira ntchito zaulimi ndi anthu okhala m’madera aulimi ali ndi chiŵerengero chakupha chakupha kwambiri cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndipo chiwopsezo chachikulu cha kutulutsa dothi ndicho chimene chimachititsa ngozi zazikulu zosokera.Zotsatira zathu zafukufuku zikuwonetsa madera omwe kulowererapo kungachepedwe kuchokera pakupatuka.
Kodi njira zolerera pakamwa zimathandizira kwambiri ku estrogenicity yamadzi akumwa?Kafukufuku wa 2011 adawunikiranso mabuku omwe ali pamagwero osiyanasiyana a estrogen pamtunda, madzi ndi madzi akumwa kuti adziwe ngati OCs ndi gwero la estrogen m'madzi apamwamba, poyang'ana mamolekyu omwe akugwira ntchito kuchokera ku OC.Wolembayo anapeza kuti chuma cha mafakitale ndi chaulimi sichimangotulutsa estrogen, komanso kumasula mankhwala ena ovulaza omwe angatsanzire estrogen.Mankhwalawa amawonjezera kuipitsidwa konse kwa estrogen kwa madzi athu.Kafukufukuyu adapeza mankhwala ophera tizilombo ngati chinthu chomwe chimathandizira kuti estrogen m'madzi.Mankhwala angapo ophera tizilombo amatchedwa xenoestrogens.Amatsanzira estrogen ndikuwononga dongosolo la endocrine.Kafukufuku "Kodi njira zakulera zapakamwa zimathandizira kwambiri estrogen m'madzi akumwa?"idasindikizidwa mu Environmental Science and Technology.Werengani nkhani za “Pesticide Removal Daily News” kuyambira Disembala 2010.
Makhalidwe a msambo ndi kuchuluka kwa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa azine m'madzi akumwa "Kafukufuku Wachilengedwe" Lipoti lofalitsidwa mu 2011 "linaphunzira za ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa azine m'madzi akumwa ndi ntchito ya msambo (kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa timadzi ta uchembele).Ubale pakati pa amayi azaka za 18-40 omwe akukhala m'madera aulimi adayankha mafunso (n = 102) pankhani ya kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri atrazine (Illinois) ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kochepa kwa atrazine (Vermont).Diary ya msambo (n=67), ndi zitsanzo za mkodzo watsiku ndi tsiku zimaperekedwa kuti zifufuze za luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol ndi progesterone metabolites (n=35).Zizindikiro zakuwonetseredwa ndi monga momwe mukukhala, madzi apampopi, madzi am'tauni Ndi kuchuluka kwa atrazine ndi chlorotriazine mumkodzo, komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amamwa.Azimayi omwe amakhala ku Illinois amakhala ndi mwayi wonena za kusamba kosakhazikika (OR) = 4.69; 95% nthawi yodalirika (CI)): 1.58-13.95), ndipo nthawi yapakati pa miyezi iwiri ndi yoposa masabata 6 (OR = 6.16; 95% CI: 1.29-29.38).Kumwa tsiku ndi tsiku> makapu a 2 amadzi osasefedwa ku Illinois kumawonjezera nthawi Zowopsa (OR = 5.73; 95% CI: 1.58-20.77)."Mlingo" wa r ndi chlorotriazine m'madzi apampopi ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi wapakati wa metabolites wa estradiol pakati pa luteal phase."Mlingo" wa ma municipalities a dezine Amagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kutalika kwa nthawi ya follicular, komanso mosagwirizana ndi mlingo wa metabolite wa progesterone mu gawo lachiwiri la luteal.Umboni woyambirira womwe timapereka umasonyeza kuti mlingo wa atrazine ndi wochepa kuposa wa US EPA MCL, womwe umagwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwachilendo kwa msambo.Kutalikitsako kumayenderana ndi kuchepa kwa zizindikiro za endocrine biomarkers m'nyengo ya msambo ya kusabereka.
Kuunika kwa chiwopsezo cha turfgrass mankhwala othamangira kumadzi akumwa.Yunivesite ya Cornell (University of Cornell) yotulutsidwa mu 2011 inachita kafukufuku wofufuza za ngozi za thanzi la anthu pa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuchokera ku kapinga ndi malo ochitira gofu m’malo 9 a anthu pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya Destiny ndi zoyendera.Kuchulukira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo 37 omwe amalembetsedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pamabwalo a gofu adayerekezedwa ndi madzi akumwa… Kwa fairways, isoproturon ndi 24-D zonse zidapanga zoopsa komanso zosatha m'malo atatu.Zowopsa zokhazokha zogwiritsa ntchito chlorobutanil pamasamba ndi T-shirts zapezeka.MCPA, grass dione ndi 24-D zoyikidwa pa kapinga zitha kuyambitsa ngozi yowopsa komanso yosatha.Kuchuluka kwa acephate komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pa fairways yokhala ndi RQ≥0.01 pachimake m'malo anayi ndikokwera kwambiri, ndipo kuchuluka kwa oxadiazon komwe kumayikidwa pa udzu wokhala ndi RQ≥0.01 osatha ku Houston kunali kokwezeka kwambiri.Mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu fairway ndi okwera kwambiri, ndipo mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu zobiriwira ndi otsika kwambiri.Kukhudzidwa kwakukulu kunawonedwa m'madera omwe kumakhala mvula yambiri pachaka ndi nyengo zakukula kwautali, pamene kukhudzidwa kochepa kwambiri kunkawoneka m'madera omwe kumakhala mvula yochepa.Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti anthu okhala kumadera komwe kugwa mvula yambiri amatha kukhala ndi mwayi wambiri wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'madzi awo akumwa kuposa momwe bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency lidaneneratu.”
Kudya kwa nitrate komanso chiopsezo cha khansa ya chithokomiro komanso matenda a chithokomiro.Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu Epidemiology mu 2010 adafufuza za kudya kwa nitrate m'madzi a anthu onse ndi zakudya m'gulu la amayi achikulire a 21977 ku Iowa.Ubale pakati pa kulowa ndi khansa ya chithokomiro komanso chiopsezo chodziwonetsa nokha hypothyroidism ndi hyperthyroidism.Iwo analembetsa mu 1986 ndipo akhala akugwiritsa ntchito madzi omwewo kwa zaka zoposa 10.Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti amayi omwe adagwiritsa ntchito madzi amtundu uliwonse ndi mlingo wa nitrate wa 5 milligrams pa lita (mg / lita) kapena apamwamba kwa zaka zoposa zisanu anali ndi chiopsezo cha khansa ya chithokomiro pafupifupi katatu.Kuchuluka kwa zakudya za nitrate kumalumikizidwa ndi chiwopsezo chowonjezereka cha chithokomiro komanso kufalikira kwa hypothyroidism, koma osati ndi hyperthyroidism.Ofufuza amati nitrate imalepheretsa chithokomiro kugwiritsa ntchito ayodini, omwe amafunikira kuti chithokomiro chizigwira ntchito."Study on Nitrate Intake and Risk of Thyroid Cancer and Thyroid Disease" inasindikizidwa mu miliri.Werengani nkhani za “Pesticide Removal Daily News” kuyambira Julayi 2010.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso zilema za kubadwa m'madzi a pamwamba ku United States Kafukufukuyu, wofalitsidwa mu Acta Paediatrica mu 2009, adafufuza "ngati chiopsezo cha kubadwa kwa ana obadwa ndi moyo omwe akuyembekezeredwa m'miyezi yokhala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo tapamwamba kwambiri ..." Mapeto ake ndi akuti "kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo pakati pa makanda obadwa amoyo a LMP kuyambira April mpaka July kuli ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha zilema za kubadwa kwa makanda m'madzi a pamwamba.Ngakhale kuti kafukufukuyu sangathe kutsimikizira mgwirizano pakati pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zilema zakubadwa, mgwirizanowu ukhoza kupereka chidziwitso kuzinthu zomwe zimagawidwa ndi mitundu iwiriyi. "Werengani nkhani ya "Pesticide Removal Daily News" kuyambira Epulo 2009.
Ma dioxin mu triclosan amapezeka kwambiri m'madzi.Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu 2010 ndi Environmental Science and Technology adafufuza zitsanzo za matope omwe ali ndi mbiri ya kuwonongeka kwa nyanja ya Pepin m'zaka 50 zapitazi.Ping Lake ndi mbali ya Mtsinje wa Mississippi mtunda wa makilomita 120 kutsika kuchokera ku Minneapolis-St.Paul Metropolitan Area.Zitsanzo za sediment zidawunikidwa za triclosan, triclosan ndi ma dioxins anayi m'banja lonse la mankhwala a dioxin.Ofufuzawa adapeza kuti ngakhale milingo ya ma dioxins ena onse idatsika ndi 73-90% pazaka makumi atatu zapitazi, milingo ya ma dioxin anayi opangidwa kuchokera ku triclosan yakwera ndi 200-300%.Werengani nkhani zatsiku ndi tsiku Beyond Pesticides, May 2010.
Kumwa madzi bwino komanso matenda a Parkinson kumadera akumidzi ku California.Kafukufuku wa 2009 adasindikizidwa mu "Environmental Health Perspective" ndipo adaphunzira mankhwala ophera tizilombo 26, makamaka 6 mankhwala."Sankhani chifukwa akhoza kuipitsa madzi apansi kapena chifukwa ndi owopsa kwa PD.Adasankhidwa, ndipo pafupifupi 10% ya anthu athu adawululidwa. ”Ndi: diazinon, toxrif, propargyl, paraquat, dimethoate ndi methomyl.Kuwonekera kwa proppropgite kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi zochitika za PD, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa 90% pachiwopsezo.Amagwiritsidwabe ntchito ku California, makamaka kwa mtedza, chimanga ndi mphesa.Mfuti yapoizoni inali mankhwala wamba tsiku ndi tsiku, omwe amakhudzana ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha 87% cha PD.Ngakhale idaletsedwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito mchaka cha 2001, imagwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri ku mbewu ku California.Methomyl adawonjezeranso chiopsezo cha matenda ndi 67%.Werengani nkhani ya "Pesticide Removal Daily News", August 2009.
Madzi osefukira m'nyumba ndiye gwero la mankhwala ophera tizilombo a pyrethroid m'mitsinje yatawuni.Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu "Environmental Pollution" mu 2009 adafufuza "kuwonongeka kwa madzi m'malo okhala pafupi ndi Sacramento, California ... kwa chaka chimodzi.Pyrethroids alipo mu zitsanzo zilizonse.Bifenthrin ili m'madzi Kuchuluka kwambiri ndi 73 ng/L, ndipo kuchuluka kwambiri mumatope oyimitsidwa ndi 1211 ng/g.Pyrethroids ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zofufuza za poizoni, zotsatiridwa ndi cypermethrin ndi cyfluthrin.Bifenthrin ikhoza kubwera chifukwa chakumwa Ngakhale kuti nyengo yotulutsa madzi mu ngalande imagwirizana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa akatswiri monga gwero lalikulu logwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito kapena owongolera tizilombo.Ponyamula ma pyrethroids kupita ku mitsinje ya m'tauni, kusefukira kwa madzi amvula ndikofunikira kwambiri kuposa kusefukira kwa ulimi wothirira m'nyengo yachilimwe.Mphepo yamkuntho yamphamvu imatha kukhetsa magawo 250 a madzi a bifenthrin m’mitsinje ya m’tauni mkati mwa maola atatu, ndipo zimenezi n’zoonanso m’miyezi 6 ya kuthirira madzi osefukira.”
Kawopsedwe wa pyrethroids ndi organophosphate mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'madzi awiri am'mphepete mwa nyanja (California, USA) adasindikizidwa mu "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" mu 2012, yomwe idaphunzira kusintha kwa ndende ndi kawopsedwe ka organophosphates ndi pyrethroids."Masamba khumi adayesedwa m'malo anayi ophunzirira.Dera lina linakhudzidwa ndi mzindawu ndipo ena onse anali m’malo opangira ulimi.Utitiri wa utitiri wamadzi (Ceriodaphnia dubia) udagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa kawopsedwe m'madzi, ndipo amphibian Hyalella Azteca adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa kuopsa kwa dothi.Kuwunika kwa Chemistry Identification kunawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa kawopsedwe ka m'madzi komwe kamawonedwa kudachitika chifukwa cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphate, makamaka poyizoni wa rif, pomwe chiwopsezo cha dothi chidayamba chifukwa cha kusakaniza kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a pyrethroid.Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthaka yaulimi ndi yakumizinda Kuthandizira kuchuluka kwapoizoni kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumadera oyandikana nawo… ”
Maamondi amagwiritsa ntchito ma organophosphates ndi ma pyrethroids ku San Joaquin Valley ndi zoopsa zomwe zimayenderana ndi chilengedwe.Kafukufukuyu wa 2012 wofalitsidwa mu Journal of Soils and Sediments adagwiritsa ntchito database ya California Pesticide Use Reports kuti adziwe momwe organic phosphorous (OP) ndi pyrethroids mu almonds amagwiritsidwira ntchito kuyambira 1992 mpaka 2005. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo a OP mumtengo uliwonse wa almond yachepetsedwa.Komabe, zotsatira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo a pyrethroid zinapezeka kuti ndizosiyana.Mu kafukufukuyu, ma pyrethroids samawononga chilengedwe kuposa OP.Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti “kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo polima kwambiri ndiponso kuwononga chilengedwe kumasokoneza zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.”
Kuzindikira kwa neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid m'madzi amtunda wa madera atatu aulimi ku California, USA, 2010-2011, kafukufuku wa 2012 wofalitsidwa mu 2012 Environmental Pollution and Toxicology Bulletin adasonkhanitsa madera atatu aulimi ku California 75 zitsanzo zamadzi pamtunda m'boma, ndi "Neonicotinoids" mankhwala ophera tizilombo imidacloprid adawunikidwa.Zitsanzo zinasonkhanitsidwa panthawi ya ulimi wothirira ku California mu 2010 ndi 2011. Imidacloprid inapezeka mu zitsanzo 67 (89%).Kuphatikizikako kudaposa muyezo wa 1.05μg/L (19%) wa zamoyo zam'madzi zosatha zam'madzi mu zitsanzo za 14 za US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).Kukhazikika kumakhalanso kwakukulu kuposa malangizo a kawopsedwe ofanana omwe amakhazikitsidwa ku Europe ndi Canada.Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti imidacloprid nthawi zambiri imasamukira kumadera ena ndikuipitsa madzi apamtunda, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kumatha kuvulaza zamoyo zam'madzi pambuyo pogwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi wothirira ku California.”
Mlingo wa fungicide chlorthalidone ndi corticosterone mu amphibians, chitetezo chokwanira komanso kufa sizofanana.Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu "Environmental Health View" mu 2011 adawonetsa kuti fungicide yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku United States, chlorothalonil Mlingo wochepa ungathenso kupha achule.Malinga ndi ochita kafukufuku, kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala kumatengedwa kuti ndi chachiwiri chachikulu kwambiri pa zamoyo zam'madzi ndi zam'madzi ku United States.Chifukwa machitidwe ambiri ofunikira a m'nyanja ndi ofanana ndi anthu, ofufuza amakhulupirira kuti amphibians angakhale chitsanzo chosagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira zotsatira za mankhwala pa thanzi la anthu m'chilengedwe, ndikukonzekera kuwerengera momwe amphibians angayankhire ku chlorothalonil.Werengani nkhani ya "Pesticide Removal Daily News", April 2011.
Mphamvu yaukadaulo wowongolera nyerere pakutha kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kugwira ntchito kwake."M'chaka cha 2007, pafupifupi ndende ya bifenthrin utsi m'madzi ulimi wothirira anali 14.9 microg L (-1) 1 sabata pambuyo mankhwala, ndi 2.5 microg L (-1) pa 8 milungu , Ndi mkulu mokwanira.Poizoni kwa zamoyo zam'madzi zomwe zimakhudzidwa.Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pambuyo pa masabata a 8 a mankhwala ndi bifenthrin granules, palibe ndende yomwe inapezeka m'madzi othamanga.Ambiri ndende ya fipronil ntchito ngati zotumphukira kutsitsi pambuyo mankhwala 4.2 micrograms L (-1) kwa 1 sabata ndi 0.01 micrograms L (-1) pa 8 milungu.Phindu loyamba limasonyezanso kuti likhoza kukhudzidwa ndi zamoyo.Mu 2008, kugwiritsa ntchito malo opanda utsi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito singano m'mphepete mwa singano kunachepetsa Kuthamanga kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Kunyamula mankhwala ophera tizilombo pamadzi osefukira a udzu wa nyongolotsi: mgwirizano pakati pa mawonekedwe a mankhwala ndi zoyendera za anthu onse.Kafukufukuyu adasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry mu 2010. Kuyeseraku kunapangidwa kuti "kuyezetsa turf ngati Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amachokera ku golf course fairways" kumvetsetsa bwino zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kupezeka kwa mankhwala ndi kayendedwe ka anthu ambiri.Mukagulidwa pamsika, mfuti yapoizoni, fluoroacetonitrile, methacrylic acid (MCPP), mchere wa dimethylamine wa 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) kapena 1% mpaka 23% ya dicamba isanayambike mvula (62 + /- 13 mm), kupanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo kunagwiritsidwa ntchito pamlingo wa 23 +/- 9 maola.Kusiyana kwa nthawi pakati pa kubzala pakati pa phata ndi madzi osefukira sikukhudza kwambiri madzi osefukira kapena kuchuluka kwa mankhwala omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito pamadzi osefukirawo.Kupatula mfuti yapoizoni, mankhwala onse okondweretsa adapezeka pachitsanzo choyambirira chothamangitsidwa komanso zochitika zonse zothamangitsidwa.Mamapu amankhwala amankhwala asanuwa amatsata kagawidwe kagawo ka organic carbon partition coefficient (K(OC)).Zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera mu kafukufukuyu zimapereka chidziwitso chokhudza kusamutsidwa kwa zinthu zamakemikolo m'nthaka, zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchitira zitsanzo kulosera za kuthekera kwa kuipitsa kopanda malo komanso kuyerekeza zoopsa za chilengedwe.”
Atrazine imapangitsa kuti achule aamuna a ku Africa azidziwikiratu komanso kuponderezedwa kwachikazi (Xenopus laevis).Kafukufukuyu, wofalitsidwa mu Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences mu 2010, "amatsimikizira zotsatira za kubala za atrazine mwa amphibians akuluakulu.Amuna omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha rdesine onse amachotsedwa (kuthena kwamankhwala) Anasinthidwanso kukhala akazi akuluakulu.10% ya amuna omwe amawonekera poyera amakula kukhala akazi ogwira ntchito, omwe amakumana ndi amuna osawonekera ndikupanga mazira ndi mazira.Amuna omwe amakumana ndi radixine amavutika ndi kuchepa kwa testosterone , Kukula kwa minyewa yoberekera kumachepa, kukula kwa kholingo kumakhala kwachikazi, kuswana kumaletsedwa, umuna umachepa, ndipo kubereka kumachepa.Kafukufukuyu "Atrazine anachititsa akazi athunthu mu achule aamuna aku Africa (Xenopus laevis) Lofalitsidwa mu "Chemistry and Chemical Castration".Werengani nkhani zatsiku ndi tsiku kupitilira mankhwala ophera tizilombo, Marichi 2010.
Kulimbikira kwa triclosan m'mafakitale otsuka madzi oyipa ndi zotsatira zake zoyipa pamitsinje ya biofilms.Kafukufukuyu wofalitsidwa mu Aquatic Toxicology mu 2010 adawunikira zotsatira za triclosan zotulutsidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zopangira madzi onyansa aku Mediterranean pa algae ndi mabakiteriya.."Makina oyesera amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa zotsatira zazifupi za triclosan pa biofilm algae ndi mabakiteriya (kuchokera ku 0.05 mpaka 500 μgL-1).Kuchuluka kwa triclosan yokhudzana ndi chilengedwe kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa imfa ya bakiteriya, ndipo palibe zotsatira (NEC) ndi 0.21 μgL-1.Pamalo oyesedwa kwambiri, mabakiteriya akufa amakhala 85% ya mabakiteriya onse.Triclosan ndi poizoni kwambiri ku mabakiteriya kuposa algae.Pamene kuchuluka kwa triclosan kumawonjezeka (NEC = 0.42μgL-1), mphamvu ya photosynthesis Imaletsedwa, ndipo njira yozimitsa yopanda zithunzi imachepetsedwa.Kuwonjezeka kwa ndende ya triclosan kumakhudzanso kuthekera kwa maselo a diatom.Kuopsa kwa algae kungakhale chifukwa cha zotsatira zosalunjika pa kawopsedwe ka biofilm, koma zimawonedwa m'mapeto onse okhudzana ndi algae Kutsika kodziwikiratu komanso pang'onopang'ono kwa zotsatira kukuwonetsa kukhudzidwa kwachindunji kwa fungicide.Kawopsedwe kamene kamapezeka pazigawo zomwe sizinali zoyembekezeka zomwe zilipo mu biofilm, kuthekera kwa triclosan kukhalabe ndi moyo kudzera munjira yothirira zinyalala komanso kutsika kwapadera kwapamadzi am'madzi a Mediterranean. .”
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Pyrethroid m'mitsinje ya salimoni m'mizinda ya Pacific Northwest adasindikizidwa mu "Environmental Pollution" mu 2010, "Sediments ku Oregon ndi Washington State ... kuchulukira kwawo kuli poizoni kwambiri” kwa zamoyo zosamva za msana.Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu mwa zitsanzo 35 za sediment zinali ndi ma pyrethroids oyezeka.Zokhudzana ndi poizoni wa zamoyo zam'madzi, bifenthrin ndi pyrethroid yokhudzidwa kwambiri, yogwirizana ndi maphunziro apitalo kwina kulikonse.”
Atrazine amachepetsa kuchulukitsa kwa nsomba zamafuta (Pimephales promelas).Kafukufukuyu wofalitsidwa mu 2010 mu toxicology ya m'madzi adawonetsa nsomba zamafuta ku atrazine ndikuwona zotsatira za kupanga dzira, kusokonezeka kwa minofu ndi kuchuluka kwa mahomoni.Pansi pamikhalidwe yomwe ili pansi pa malangizo amadzi a EPA, nsomba zimawonekera kuchokera ku 0 mpaka 50 micrograms pa lita imodzi ya desine kwa masiku 30.Ofufuza apeza kuti atrazine imasokoneza kayendedwe kabwino ka kubereka, ndipo nsomba sizidzaikira mazira ambiri pambuyo pokumana ndi atrazine.Poyerekeza ndi nsomba zosadziwika, mazira onse omwe amapangidwa ndi nsomba za atrazine anali otsika mkati mwa 17 kwa masiku a 20 pambuyo powonekera.Nsomba zopezeka ku atrazine zimaikira mazira ochepa, ndipo ziwalo zoberekera za amuna ndi akazi zinali zachilendo.Werengani "Daily News Beyond Pesticides", June 2010.
Zotsatira za nanoparticles pamiluza ya nsomba zamafuta amutu wakuda.Kafukufukuyu yemwe adasindikizidwa mu Ecotoxicology mu 2010 adawonetsa nsomba zamutu wakuda kuti zikhale zosiyana siyana zoyimitsidwa kapena zokoka nanoparticle kwa maola 96 pazigawo zingapo za kukula kwake.Pamene nanosilver inaloledwa kukhazikika, kawopsedwe ka mankhwalawo adachepetsedwa kangapo, koma adayambitsabe kupunduka kwa nsomba zazing'ono.Mosasamala kanthu za chithandizo cha ultrasound, nano-silver ingayambitse zolakwika, kuphatikizapo kutaya kwa mutu ndi edema, ndipo pamapeto pake imfa.Ochita kafukufuku apeza kuti nanosilver yomwe yakhala sonicated kapena kuyimitsidwa mu njira yothetsera vutoli ndi poizoni ndipo ngakhale kupha kwa poizoni minnows.Nsomba zonenepa ndi mtundu wa chamoyo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza kuopsa kwa zamoyo zam'madzi.Werengani nkhani zatsiku ndi tsiku kupitilira mankhwala ophera tizilombo, Marichi 2010.
Kuwunika kwaukadaulo kumawulula zotsatira zosasinthika za radix pa nsomba zam'madzi am'madzi ndi amphibians.Kafukufuku wa 2009 wofalitsidwa mu "Environmental Health Perspective" adasanthula maphunziro asayansi oposa 100 opangidwa pa 100 radix.Ofufuzawa adapeza kuti Tianjin ili ndi vuto losalunjika pa nsomba ndi amphibians, makamaka kuwononga chitetezo chokwanira., Mahomoni ndi njira zoberekera."Atrazine inachepetsa kukula kwa metamorphosis kapena pafupi ndi kusintha kwa masinthidwe mu maphunziro 15 mwa 17 ndi 14 mwa mitundu 14.Atrazine inapititsa patsogolo zamoyo zam'madzi ndi nsomba mu maphunziro 12 mwa 13.Mu maphunziro 6 mwa 7, machitidwe odana ndi adani adachepetsedwa mu maphunziro 6 mwa 7, ndipo mphamvu yakununkhira ya nsomba kwa amphibians idachepetsedwa.Kuchepetsa kwa 13 chitetezo cha chitetezo cha m'thupi ndi matenda a 16 kumayenderana ndi kuchepetsa mu maphunziro a 7 mwa 10, deflux inasintha mbali imodzi ya gonadal morphology ndipo inapitirizabe kukhudza gonadal.Mu maphunziro a 2 mwa 2, spermatogenesis idasinthidwa mu maphunziro 7.Kuchuluka kwa mahomoni ogonana kunasinthidwa mu 6 mwa maphunziro.Atrazine sanakhudze vitellogenin mu maphunziro a 5, ndipo aromatase anawonjezeredwa ku 1 yokha ya maphunziro a 6. "Werengani "Agrochemical Daily News", October 2009.
Organohalogen zoipitsa ndi metabolites mu ubongo wa ma dolphin kumadzulo kwa North Atlantic.Lipoti lofufuza lomwe linafalitsidwa mu "Environmental Pollution" mu 2009 linapeza zowononga zingapo, kuphatikizapo organochlorine pesticides (OCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), Hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs), methylsulfonyl PCBs (MeSO2-PCBs, polybrominated diphenyl ether) OH-PBDEs amapezeka mu cerebrospinal fluid ndi cerebellar grey matter wa nyama zambiri zam'madzi, kuphatikizapo ma dolphin amtundu waufupi, ma dolphin a ku Atlantic white-faced dolphin ndi grey seal. kuchuluka kwa ma PCB mu grey sealed cerebrospinal fluid ndi gawo limodzi pa miliyoni. Werengani nkhani yatsiku ndi tsiku ya Beyond Pesticides, May 2009.
Kuchokera ku 1995 mpaka 2004, kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi kunali ponseponse mu American river bass (Micropterus spp.).Kafukufuku wa 2009, wofalitsidwa mu Aquatic Toxicology, adayesa kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi pakati pa nsomba zamadzi amchere m'malo asanu ndi anayi ku United States.“Ma testicular oocyte (makamaka ma testicles aamuna okhala ndi ma cell majeremusi achikazi) ndi njira yodziwika kwambiri yogonana yomwe imawonedwa, ngakhale kuti chiwerengero chofanana cha nsomba zachimuna (n = 1477) ndi zazikazi (n = 1633) zidawunikidwa.Kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunapezeka mu 3% ya nsomba.Pakati pa mitundu ya 16 yomwe inafufuzidwa, mitundu ya 4 (25%) ndi nsomba za 34 (31%) m'malo a 111 zinapezeka kuti ali ndi kugonana.Bisexuality sichipezeka m'mitundu ingapo pamalo amodzi, koma imapezeka kwambiri mu bass yaikulu (Micropterus salmoides; amuna 18%) ndi smallmouth bass (M. dolomieu; amuna 33%).Gawo la nsomba zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu gawo lililonse la bass lalikulu ndi 8-91%, ndipo bass yaing'ono ndi 14-73%.Kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa United States, kuchuluka kwa amuna ndi akazi ndikwambiri, ku Apalachicola, Sa Bisexual largemouth bass amapezeka m'malo onse m'mabeseni a Mtsinje wa Fanner ndi Xiaojian.Mosasamala kanthu za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ma mercury, trans-HCB, p, p'-DDE, p, p'-DDD ndi ma PCB amawonedwa Ndi mankhwala oipitsa omwe amapezeka pafupipafupi m'malo onse.
Zowononga zotsatizana: Momwe mankhwala osakaniza osakanikira amakhudzira madera amadzi.Lipoti la kafukufukuyu lofalitsidwa mu Oecologia mu 2009 "amaphunzira momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mankhwala asanu ophera tizilombo (malathion, carbaryl, poisoning rif, Diazinon ndi endosulfan) ndi herbicides asanu (glyphosate, atrazine, acetochlor), low concentration (2-16 ppb) ya alachlor, alachlor. ndi 2,4-D) Zidzakhudza anthu okhala m'madzi opangidwa ndi zooplankton, phytoplankton, epiphytes ndi mphutsi zamtundu wa amphibians (chule wamtengo wotuwa, chule wamtengo, kambuku wamitundumitundu ndi kambuku, Rana pipiens).Ndinkagwiritsa ntchito zoulutsira nkhani zakunja ndikuyang'ana mankhwala ophera tizirombo padera , Chisakanizo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo, chisakanizo cha mankhwala ophera udzu ndi chisakanizo cha mankhwala onse khumi.
Kawopsedwe wa mankhwala awiri ophera tizilombo ku zamoyo zopanda nyukiliya ku California, USA, komanso ubale wake ndi kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha amphibians.Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu 2009 mu "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" adafufuza mankhwala awiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'chigawo chapakati cha California.Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - kawopsedwe kosatha ka rif ndi endosulfan.Mphutsi za chule wa Pacific (Pseudacris regilla) ndi chule wakutsindikira wa yellow-footed (Rana boylii), amphibians, atsika anthu ndipo amakhala ndi kuberekana m'malo odyetserako udzu ozungulira Sierra Nevada.Ofufuzawo adawulula mphutsi ku mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuchokera ku Gosner siteji 25 mpaka 26 kudzera mu metamorphosis.Mlingo wakupha wapakati (LC50) wa mfuti yapoizoni ndi 365″ g/L mu regilla, ndi 66.5″ g/L pa R. boylii.Ofufuza adapeza kuti endosulfan ndi poizoni kwambiri poyizoni kuposa poyizoni mfuti, ndipo ikakumana ndi kuchuluka kwa endosulfan, kukula kwa mitundu iwiriyi ndikwachilendo.Endosulfan inakhudzanso kukula ndi kukula kwa mitundu iwiri.Werengani "Agrochemical Daily News", July 2009.
Kusamutsidwa kwa amayi kwa xenobiotics ndi zotsatira zake pamphepete mwa mphutsi yam'mphepete mwa nyanja ya San Francisco.Kafukufuku wa 2008 wofalitsidwa mu PNAS adapeza kuti "zaka 8 za zotsatira zafukufuku wa m'munda ndi labotale zikuwonetsa kuti ma bass otsika kwambiri adachitika ali mwana wa doko la San Francisco.Zowononga zoopsa zinavumbula mtsinjewu, ndipo chiwerengero cha anthu chikucheperachepera kuyambira pomwe chinagwa m'ma 1970.Ma PCB a Biologic, ma polybrominated diphenyl ethers ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo/miyendo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito panopo adapezeka m'mazira onse a nsomba zotengedwa mumtsinje.Ukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya stereoology yosakondera imatha kuzindikira kusintha kwachitukuko komwe kunali kosawoneka ndi njira zokhazikika.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa yolk molakwika, kusokonezeka kwa ubongo ndi kukula kwa chiwindi, ndi kukula konsekonse kunawonedwa ndi mphutsi za nsomba zotengedwa m’mitsinje.”
Kuyankha kwa madera ndi zachilengedwe ku kusokonezeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'madzi amchere.Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu Ecotoxicology mu 2008 adagwiritsa ntchito zoulutsira zakunja za m'madzi kuti adziwe zotsatira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Sevin ndi chophatikizira cha carbaryl pamadzi amchere plankton Mphamvu ya intaneti yazakudya."Tidayang'anira momwe ma microorganisms, phytoplankton ndi madera a zooplankton akuyankhira kuwonjezera pa kuchuluka kwa mpweya.Atangogwiritsa ntchito Sevin, ndende ya carbaryl idafika pachimake ndikuwonongeka mwachangu, ndipo palibe kusiyana kwamankhwala komwe kunapezeka patatha masiku 30.Pochiza pulse, planktonic Kuchuluka, kusiyanasiyana, kuchuluka, ndi mpweya wa okosijeni wa nyama unachepa, pamene kuchuluka kwa phytoplankton ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumawonjezeka.Poyerekeza ndi ubwino wa copods mu mankhwala ena atatu, zooplankton mu mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwambiri anapangidwa makamaka Amapangidwa ndi rotifers.Ngakhale kuti madera ambiri komanso zachilengedwe zikuwonetsa kuti zachira pakatha masiku 40 atawonongedwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa majeremusi, phytoplankton ndi zooplankton pambuyo pa kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala.
Mndandanda wa zochitika zosayembekezereka: kupha kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo pa achule pamalo owopsa kwambiri.Kafukufukuyu yemwe adasindikizidwa mu "Ecology Applications" mu 2008 "adaphunzira momwe angagwiritsire ntchito kuchuluka kocheperako mosiyanasiyana, nthawi ndi milingo (10- 250 micrograms/lita) ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo padziko lonse lapansi (malathion).Kuchuluka kwa madera amadzi okhala ndi zooplankton, phytoplankton, zomera za m'madzi ndi mphutsi zam'madzi (zomwe zimabzalidwa mowirikiza kawiri) kwa masiku 79.Njira zonse zogwiritsira ntchito zimabweretsa kuchepetsa zooplankton, zomwe zimayambitsa trophic cascade momwe phytoplankton imachulukana mochuluka.M'zithandizo zina, ma epiphytes omwe amapikisana nawo amachepa.Zomera zochepetsedwa zam'madzi zimakhudza achule (achule) Nthawi yosinthika ya Rana pipiens imakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa.Komabe, chule wa kambuku (Rana pipiens) amasintha motalika, ndipo kukula kwawo ndi chitukuko zimachepetsedwa kwambiri.Pamene chilengedwe chiwuma, chimatsogolera ku imfa yotsatira.Choncho, malathion (Kuwola mofulumira) sikunaphe mwachindunji amphibians, koma kunayambitsa trophic cascade reaction, yomwe inachititsa kuti chiwerengero chachikulu cha amphibians chife.Ndikofunikira kubwereza kugwiritsa ntchito pazitsulo zotsika kwambiri (ka7 pa sabata, 10 µg / L nthawi iliyonse) "Finyani mankhwala") ali ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka ya 25 pazosintha zambiri zoyankhira kusiyana ndi ntchito imodzi ya "pulse".Zotsatirazi sizofunikira kokha, chifukwa malathion ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, komanso amapezeka m'madambo.Ndipo chifukwa chakuti mmene ma trophic cascade amagwirira ntchito n’njofala m’mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo, kumapereka mpata woti anthu adziŵe za mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo.Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amakhudza anthu okhala m'madzi komanso mphutsi zamtundu wa amphibians.
Dziwani zovuta zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza ma macroinvertebrates mumtsinje wa Salinas (California, USA): zotsatira zoyipa za mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono.Kafukufukuyu wa 2006 adasindikizidwa mu Environmental Pollution on amphibians, kafadala ndi et al.Kafukufuku adachitika kuti adziwe kuti ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale poizoni ndipo zili mumtsinje wa California.“Kafukufuku waposachedwa akusonyeza kuti poyerekezera ndi matope oimitsidwa mumtsinje wa Salinas, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndiwo amayambitsa kupsyinjika kwakukulu kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.”
Pambuyo podziwika ndi mlingo wochepa wokhudzana ndi chilengedwe wa herbicide atrazine, hermaphrodite, achule a demasculine adasindikizidwa mu Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences mu 2002. Kafukufukuyu adafufuza zotsatira za atrazine pa frog ya African clawed (Xenopus laevis).) Chikoka cha chitukuko cha kugonana.Mphutsi zimamizidwa mu atrazine (0.01-200 ppb) panthawi yonse ya chitukuko cha mphutsi.Tinayang'ana gonadal histology ndi kukula kwa larynx pa metamorphosis.Atrazine (> or = 0.1 ppb) imayambitsa hermaphrodite Ndipo imaumitsa khosi la amuna amaliseche (>or= 1.0 ppb).Kuphatikiza apo, tidayang'ana milingo ya testosterone ya plasma ya amuna okhwima pakugonana.Pamene akukumana ndi 25 ppb atrazine, ma testosterone a amuna a X. laevis adachepa nthawi za 10.Tidaganiza kuti atrazine ingapangitse aromatase ndikulimbikitsa kutembenuka kwa testosterone kukhala estrogen.Chiwonongeko ichi cha kupanga steroid chikhoza kufotokozera demasculinization ya larynx yamphongo ndi kupanga hermaphroditism.Zogwira ntchito monga momwe tafotokozera mu phunziro lamakono Mlingo ndi kuwonekera kwenikweni, kusonyeza kuti amphibians ena omwe ali ndi atrazine kuthengo akhoza kukhala pachiopsezo cholepheretsa chitukuko cha kugonana.Mitundu yambiriyi yamitundumitundu ndi zosokoneza zina zachilengedwe za endocrine zitha kukhala zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa amphibians padziko lonse lapansi.”
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