Iyo ecosystem inouraya Fipronil ine muchetura kupfuura yaimbofungwa uye inowanikwa mumigwagwa yemvura muUnited States Gumiguru 27, 2020.
Iyo US Geological Survey yakaona kuti musanganiswa wemishonga yezvipembenene wakapararira munzizi nehova dzeUS Gunyana 24, 2020.
Muurayi wemafashoni: Chirevo chinoona kuti indasitiri yezvipfeko ndiyo inonyanya kukonzera kurasikirwa kwezvisikwa 17 Gunyana 2020.
Arctic glaciers inobata mishonga yezvipembenene nezvimwe zvinosvibisa nharaunda kubva kukukurwa kwenyika, uye inoburitsa makemikari anokuvadza kana kudziya kwepasi kunyunguduka.Nyamavhuvhu 20, 2020
Stranded dolphin munzvimbo yekumabvazuva kwemahombekombe ari kurwara uye akasvibiswa nemishonga yezvipembenene, mapurasitiki, mishonga yekuuraya utachiona uye simbi inorema Nyamavhuvhu 19, 2020.
Ita chiito!Udza Evian kuti atsigire shanduko yepasi rose kune organic kuchengetedza kutendeseka kwekuchena kwayo zvinodiwa 27 Chikunguru 2020.
Izvo zvakasanganiswa mhedzisiro yekufumurwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inokuvadza zvakanyanya hove dzecoral reef Chikunguru 21, 2020
Maererano neUSGS, imwe kana kupfuura mishonga yezvipembenene mu56% yemvura muhova dzakatorwa yakapfuura kamwechete chiyero chemubatanidzwa chezvipenyu zvemumvura.Mazhinji emishonga yezvipembenene aya akabatanawo nehuwandu hwehutano hwevanhu uye kwezvakatipoteredza, kusanganisira gomarara, kuremara pakuzvarwa, tsinga uye hutano hwekubereka.Tsvagiridzo inotevera inoratidza kukanganisa kwemishonga yezvipembenene pamhando yemvura, hutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda.
National Water Quality: The Ecological Health yeNational Rivers, 1993-2005, chirevo cha2013 chakabudiswa neUS Geological Survey “zvichienderana nemamiriro enharaunda yebiological ine chekuita nezvakakosha zvemuviri nemakemikari zvinhu (senge degree) Ongorora shanduko yemvura uye kuwanda kwezvinovaka muviri nezvimwe zvinosvibisa zvakanyungudutswa.Algae, macroinvertebrates nehove zvinogona kuyera zvakananga hutano hwerwizi nekuti vanogara murwizi kwemavhiki akati wandei kusvika kumakore akati wandei, saka, nekufamba kwenguva.Mhedziso yemushumo ndeiyi: “Pakuedza kunzwisisa zvikonzero zvekuderera kwehutano hwehova, kunze kwekuchinja kwekuyerera, mhedzisiro inobvira yezvinovaka muviri nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inofanirawo kutariswa, kunyanya Iri munzvimbo dzekurima uye dzemaguta.Muchokwadi, maererano nemunyori, chikamu chimwe chete muzvishanu chehova munzvimbo dzekurima uye dzemumaguta dzinonzi dzine hutano.Hova idzi dzinowanzova nekuyerera kwechisikigo, nepo migwagwa nemapurazi zvichiburitsa mvura shoma ine kusvibiswa.
Kuitika kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene mumvura uye marara akaunganidzwa kubva munzvimbo dzeamphibian muUnited States yose muna 2009-2010.Ongororo iyi yakaitwa neUS Geological Service muna 2012 yakaongorora California pakati pe2009 na2010 Ruzivo pane gumi nesaiti mudunhu nenzvimbo gumi nemasere kune dzimwe nzvimbo.Shandisa gasi chromatography/mass spectrometry kuongorora 96 ​​mishonga yezvipembenene mumasampuli emvura.Mune imwe kana kupfuura ye54 masamples emvura, 24 mishonga yezvipembenene yakaonekwa, kusanganisira 7 fungicides, 10 herbicides, 4 mishonga yezvipembenene, 1 synergist uye 2 mishonga inoparadza zvipembenene.Nekushandisa accelerated solvent extraction, gel permeation chromatography kubvisa sarufa uye carbon/alumina accumulation solid phase extraction column kuti ibvise inopindira sediment matrix, 94 mishonga yezvipembenene mumubhedha sediment samples yakaongororwa.Mumatope emurwizi, mishonga yezvipembenene makumi maviri nembiri yakaonekwa mune imwe kana yakawanda samples, kusanganisira 9 fungicides, 3 pyrethroid insecticides, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p, p'-DDT) uye zvigadzirwa zvayo zvikuru zvekuparadza nemishonga yakawanda yesora.Chirevo chakabudiswa neUnited States Geological Service "Kuitika kwemishonga yezvipembenene mumvura uye marara akaunganidzwa kubva munzvimbo dzeamphibian muUnited States kubva 2009 kusvika 2010".
Kugadzirisa dambudziko re nitrate muCalifornia mvura yekunwa Chirevo chakabudiswa muna 2012 neYunivhesiti yeCalifornia Davis (UC Davis) yakadzidza matunhu mana eLake Tulare Basin uye nzvimbo yeMonterey County muSalinas Valley.Ongororo yacho yakawana kuti: “Chinetso chenitrate chinogona kugara kwemakumi emakore.Kusvika pari zvino, mafetireza ekurima nemarara emhuka anoshandiswa kuminda yekurima ndiwo makuru edunhu matsime e nitrate mumvura yepasi;kuderedza mutoro we nitrate zvinogoneka, uye zvimwe zvisingadhuri Kuderedzwa kukuru kwemutoro we nitrate pamvura yepasi kuchava nemari yakawanda yehupfumi;kugadzirisa kwakananga kwekubvisa nitrate kubva mumabheseni makuru emvura yepasi kunodhura uye nehunyanzvi hazvigoneke.Pane zvinopesana, "kupomba uye kuisa fetiraiza" uye yakagadziridzwa kutonga kwemvura yepasi Iri nzira yakaderera-yenguva refu;zviito zvekudzikisa mvura (zvakadai sekusanganisa, kurapa uye kumwe kupihwa kwemvura) ndizvo zvinodhura zvakanyanya.Sezvo kusvibiswa kwenitrate kuri kuramba kuchipararira, muzviitiko zvakawanda kusanganisa kunenge kuri kushoma.Nharaunda Ddiki zhinji hadzikwanise kubhadhara mvura yekunwa yakachena uye mabasa ekupa.Mari yakakwira yakagadziriswa ichakanganisa zvakanyanya masisitimu madiki.Inonyanya kuvimbisa mari inobhadharisa nitrogen fetiraiza munzvimbo idzi;nitrogen miripo yekushandisa fetereza inogona kutsiva nharaunda diki dzakakanganisika Kuderedza mitengo uye kukanganisa kwekusvibiswa kwenitrate;kusagadzikana uye kusasvikika kwedata kunotadzisa kunyatsoongorora uye kuenderera mberi kwekuongorora.Kubatanidzwa kwenyika yose kunodiwa kubatanidza kuunganidzwa kwakasiyana-siyana kwakanangana nemvura kunoitwa nenyika zhinji nemasangano enzvimbo.
Muenzaniso wekudzoreredza wekufungidzira kuwanda kweatrazine uye desethylatrazine mumvura isina kudzika yepasi munzvimbo dzekurima muUnited States.Ichi chidzidzo chakaburitswa muJournal of Environmental Quality muna 2012 chakashandisa muenzaniso kufanotaura mvura isina kudzika pasi pevhu munzvimbo dzinogoneka dzekurima Iyo yakazara kuunganidzwa kweatrazine uye yakaderedzwa deethylatrazine (DEA).Munyika yose yeUnited States.Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti ingangoita 5% chete yenzvimbo dzekurima dzine mukana weinopfuura gumi muzana kudarika iyo USEPA yakanyanya kusvibisa level ye3.0 μgL.
Algae inotumbuka paLake Erie, inokonzerwa nekurima uye mamiriro ekunze, inoisa rekodhi uye inofambirana nemamiriro emangwana anotarisirwa.Chidzidzo chakabudiswa muProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences muna 2012 chakagumisa kuti: "Maitiro enguva refu mukuita zvekurima uye phosphorus mutoro kumadokero Kuwedzera kunoenderana.Nzvimbo yedhamu, maitiro aya, akasanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze muchirimo cha2011, zvakakonzera kuwanda kwekudya.Muchidimbu, dambudziko realgae muLake Erie rinokonzerwa nekurima, kunyanya mafetireza.Yakashandiswa, izvi zvinopa chikafu chekukura kwemaruva makuru.Mamiriro ekunze ekudziya anowedzera mamiriro ezvinhu aya, zvichiita kuti cyanobacteria kana cyanobacteria ikure uye iwande, zvichiburitsa huturu.Iyo yakanzi "Chidzidzo chekuisa rekodhi yeLake Erie algae blooms inoenderana nezvinotarisirwa mamiriro emangwana anokonzerwa nekurima uye mamiriro ekunze" yakabudiswa muProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.Verenga iyo "Pesticide Removal Daily News" kubva muna Kubvumbi 2013.
The Fate and Transportation of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid in Surface Water of Agricultural Basins Chinyorwa mu "Pest Management Science" muna 2012 chakaona kuti "glyphosate neAMPA zvinowanzoonekwa mumvura yepamusoro pemabheseni mana ekurima."Iyo yekuona frequency uye amplitude yebheseni yega yega zvakasiyana, uye mutoro (seye muzana yekushandiswa) uri pakati pe0.009 ne0.86%, iyo inogona kunge yakabatana neatatu maitiro: kusimba kwechitubu, mvura inonaya uye nzira yekuyerera.”
Glyphosate uye zvigadzirwa zvayo zvekusvibisa (AMPA) zvakaparadzirwa zvakanyanya muvhu, pamusoro pemvura, pasi pemvura uye kunaya kwemvura muUnited States.Chidzidzo che 2011 chakaburitswa neUSGS kubva 2001 kusvika 2009 inopfupisa mvura uye sediment samples dzakaunganidzwa kubva 2001 kusvika 2009 The concentration of glyphosate.Mhinduro dze 3,606 nharaunda.1,008 quality assurance samples dzakaunganidzwa kubva ku38 states uye District of Columbia yakaratidza kuti glyphosate inofambisa kupfuura yaimbofungwa uye inoparadzirwa zvakanyanya munharaunda.Glyphosate inowanzoonekwa muvhu uye sediment (91% yemuenzaniso), migero uye migero (71%), kunaya kwemvura (71%), hova (51%) uye nzizi huru (46%) To;munzvimbo dzakanyorova (38%), mvura yevhu (34%), madziva (22%), nzvimbo dzekuchenesa mvura yetsvina (WWTP) (9%) uye pasi pevhu (6%) zvinoitika zvishoma.IAmerican Geophysical Union yakaburitsa chidzidzo pa "Wide Distribution yeGlyphosate uye Zvigadzirwa Zvayo Zvekushatisa (AMPA) muIvhu, Mvura Yepasi, Mvura Yepasi uye Kunaya muUnited States, 2001-2009 ″.
Chiitiko uye kuguma kweglyphosate uye inoshatisa aminomethylphosphonic acid mumhepo.Muna 2011, chinyorwa ichi chakabudiswa mu "Environmental Toxins and Chemicals" chaive pamusoro pe glyphosate, inonyanya kushandiswa herbicide uye yayo Mushumo wekutanga pamusoro pehutano hwezvakatipoteredza hwekuora kukuru.Chigadzirwa chacho chinogadzira aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) mumazuva ekunaya uye kuchinaya…Mumazuva ekunaya nekunaya, kuwanda kweglyphosate kunowanikwa kubva pa60% kusvika pa100%.Mumhepo nemumvura inonaya, kuwanda kweglyphosate kuri pakati pe<0.01 kusvika 9.1 ng/m(3) uye <0.1 kusvika 2.5 µg/L... Hazvisati zvanyatsojeka kuti ipercent yeglyphosate ichapinzwa mumhepo. , asi inofungidzirwa kuti inosvika 0.7% yezvikumbiro inobviswa kubva mumhepo panguva yekunaya kwemvura.Glyphosate inogona kunyatsobviswa kubva mumhepo;zvinofungidzirwa kuti mvura yevhiki nevhiki ye ≥30 mm inogona kubvisa avhareji ye97% yeglyphosate mumhepo"
The Environmental Working Group on Hexavalent Chromium in Tap Water muUnited States yakawanikwa mumushumo wakabudiswa muna 2011 kuti, maererano neongororo yakaitwa murabhoritari, “mvura yemupombi yemaguta 31 pa35 eUnited States ine hexavalent chromium (kana kuti hexavalent chromium) .Iyi ndiyo carcinogenic "Eileen Brokovic Chemical."Chikamu chepamusoro chakaonekwa muNorman, Oklahoma.Honolulu, Hawaii;Maguta makumi maviri neshanu akaedzwa neEWG aive nemazinga epamusoro ecarcinogens kupfuura California Chinangwa chehutano hweveruzhinji.Zviri mukati mepombi yemvura (vanhu 90 000) kubva kuNorman, Oklahoma zvinopeta nekanopfuura ka200 muganhu wekuchengeteka wakatsanangurwa neCalifornia.
Kubva 2005 kusvika 2006, azoxystrobin, propiconazole uye mamwe akasarudzwa fungicides akaitika munzizi dzeAmerica.Chinyorwa cha2011 chakaburitswa mu “Water, Air and Soil Pollution” chakawana kuti: “Kune mazana matatu emasampuli Mushonga mumwe chete wakaonekwa muchikamu che56%.Yakaonekwa mune imwe sampuli, uye misanganiswa yemishonga inouraya mabhakitiriya yakajairika.Iyo yepamusoro-soro yakaonekwa yaive azoazolone (45 kunze kwe103 samples).%), inoteverwa nemetaxyl (27%), propiconazole (17%), mycotin (9%) uye tebuconazole (6%).Kuonekwa kwemhando yefungicides ndeye 0.002 kusvika 1.15μg/L.Hongu Pane zviratidzo zvekuti kuitika kwefungicides ndeyemwaka, uye chiyero chekutsvaga chakakwirira mukupera kwezhizha uye kutanga kwematsutso kupfuura muchirimo, uye chiyero chekutsvaga chakakwirira.Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, mishonga yefungicides yakaonekwa mumasampuli ese akaunganidzwa, izvo zvinoratidza kuti Dzimwe hova dzinogona kuoneka mumwaka wese…”
Shanduko mukushandiswa uye kuitika kwemishonga yezvipembenene mumvura yepamusoro muCalifornia nzvimbo dzinorimwa mupunga.Ichi chidzidzo chakaburitswa neUSGS muna 2011 "chakaongorora shanduko yemhando yemvura yeCalifornia minda yemupunga, iyo yakakosha zvikuru kuSacramento/San Joaquin River Delta, Sacramento / San Joaquin River Delta inzvimbo yakakosha yekugara kune vanhu vazhinji vanotyisidzirwa.92 mishonga yezvipembenene uye zvigadzirwa zvinosvibisa zvipembenene mumasampuli emvura yakasefa zvakaongororwa negasi chromatography/mass spectrometry.Azoxystrobin uye azoxystrobin uye mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene zvakaonekwa mumuenzaniso wega wega.3,4-DCA (iyo huru yekuparara chigadzirwa chepropane), iyo yekuisa iyo yaive 136 uye 128μg, zvichiteerana./L, clomazone uye thiobencarb zvakaonekwa mune anopfuura 93% emvura samples, iyo yakanyanya kusungwa yaive 19.4 uye 12.4μg. /L.Propylene glycol inowanikwa mu60% yemasamples ane huwandu hwakanyanya hwe6.5μg/L.
Quantitative Analysis yeOrganic Phosphate Pesticides muUrban Drinking Water Chidzidzo ichi, chakaburitswa muInternational Journal yeMass Spectrometry muna 2011, yakashandisa nzira inonzwisisika kuverengera sere organic compounds mumasampuli emvura ane ngL-1 concentration.Phosphate mishonga yezvipembenene.Vatsvakurudzi vakawana monocrotophos, imidacloprid, triazophos, attriazine, propanol, quinolol, uye methazine mune organic phosphates mumvura yekunwa uye tsvina yakaunganidzwa kubva kumativi akasiyana eguta.
Kuenzanisa kwemumunda-scale herbicide runoff uye kurasikirwa kwemhepo: ongororo yemakore masere.Chinyorwa che2010 chakaburitswa mujenari "Environmental Quality" yakadzidza kumhanya uye kuputika kwediazepam uye metapropamide.Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti kunyangwe kumanikidzwa kwemhute yemishonga miviri yesora yakadzikira, kurasikirwa kwavo kwemhepo kwakakura zvakanyanya kupfuura kurasikirwa kwekumhanya (<0.007).Kurasika kwakanyanya kwepagore kwekumhanya kwealachlor hakuna kumbopfuura 2.5%, uye kumhanya kweiyo attrition hakuna kumbopfuura 3% yekushandiswa.Nekune rimwe divi, kuwanda kwekuparara kwemushonga wesora mushure memazuva mashanu kunotangira pa5-63% yemetolachlor uye ingangoita 2-12% yedezine.Pamusoro pezvo, kuparara kwekuparara kwemishonga yesora mukati mezuva kwaive kwakakura kudarika kuparara kwemhute husiku (<0.05).Ongororo iyi yakasimbisa kuti kurasikirwa nemhute kweimwe mishonga yesora inowanzo shandiswa kunowanzopfuura kurasika kwemvura.Munzvimbo imwe chete uye nekushandisa nzira imwechete yekutarisira, kurasikirwa kwesora kwehuputi kuchasiyana zvakanyanya gore negore nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze enzvimbo.”
Maitiro ekuiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene munzizi dzemumaguta muUnited States.Kubva muna 1992 kusvika muna 2008, ongororo yakaitwa muna 2010 neUnited States Geological Survey yakaunganidza sampuli kubva munzizi dzomumaguta muUnited States ndokuongorora kuti hapana here “mishonga misere yemishonga yesora nechigadzirwa chimwe chete chokuparadza.(Simazine, promer, atrazine, des-ethylatrazine”, alachlor, trifluralin, pendimethalin, tebutinol uye dakota, uye zvipembenene zvishanu Uye zvipembenene zviviri zvinosvibisa (toxorrif, malathion, diazinon, fipronil, fipronil sulfide, dessulbicides and cartolfipronil). zvabuda zvinoratidza Mafambiro mazhinji akakosha, angave ekumusoro kana pasi, anosiyana munzira yaanoshanduka zvichienderana nenguva, nharaunda, uye mushonga wesora.
Muna 2002-05, anthropogenic organic compounds mumapfumbamwe emvura emunharaunda masisitimu akabviswa muhova.Chidzidzo chakaburitswa neUnited States Geological Survey (USGS) muna 2008 chakawana kuti "inoda kusvika hafu (134) yemakomponi yakaonekwa kamwechete mumasampuli emvura.Kazhinji 47 makomisheni (mu10% kana kupfuura) Samples), uye 6 makomisheni (chloroform, r-dezine, octazine, metolachlor, desethylatrazine uye hexahydrohexamethylcyclopentabenzopyridine) akaonekwa mune inopfuura hafu yesamples HHCB.ndiyo inonyanya kuwonekwa munzvimbo shanu dzesaiti yega yega (gore rose).Kuwanikwa kwechloroform, inonhuwirira hydrocarbon HHCB uye acetylhexamethyltetralin (AHTN) kunoratidza kubuda kwemvura yetsvina munzvimbo dzepamusoro pebheseni Pane kuwirirana pakati pekuitika nekuvapo kwemishonga yesora.Mishonga yesora inonzi attriazine, simazine uye metolachlor ndiyowo mishonga inonyanya kuonekwa.Mishonga yesora iyi nemimwe mishonga yesora yakawanda inowanzoenderana neyakasanganiswa yevabereki Kuongororwa kwakafanana kana kwepamusoro.Kazhinji ine musanganiswa wemakomboni maviri kana anopfuura.Huwandu hwemakomboni uye yakazara c Sezvo huwandu hwenzvimbo dzemudhorobha nedzekurima mubheseni huchiwedzera, kuwanda kwemuenzaniso kunowanzowedzera. "
Kubva 1991 kusvika 2004, mhando yemvura yematsime emumba mumatsime makuru muUnited States.Ichi ndicho chinyorwa cha2008 chakaburitswa neUnited States Geological Survey (USGS) sechikamu cheNational Water Quality Assessment Program.“Mvura iyi yakatorwa muna 1991-2004.Inounganidzwa kubva mumatsime epamba (mvura yekunwa kubva mumatsime ega ega anoshandiswa mudzimba) kuongorora zvinosvibisa mumvura yekunwa.Zvinoenderana netsanangudzo yeMutemo weMvura Inonwa Yakachengeteka, zvinosvibisa zvinoonekwa sezvinhu zvese zviri mumvura… Pane 23 pamwe chete.% Yematsime ane kana imwe chete inosvibisa iyo inodarika MCL kana HBSL.Zvichienderana nekuongororwa kwemasampuli kubva kumatsime e1389, mazhinji ezvinosvibisa mumasampuli aya akayerwa ... "
Ongororo yesainzi yeongororo ye geological yeChesapeake Bay Ecosystem muUnited States uye kukosha kwayo pakutonga kwezvakatipoteredza.Chinyorwa ichi chakaburitswa neUSGS muna 2007 chinopfupikiswa sezvizvi: “Shanduko dzekushandiswa kwevhu, kunaka kwemvura mubheseni, kusanganisira kudya, mavhu nezvinosvibisa;Nezvechinjo dzenguva refu murunako rwemvura yegova remvura, nzvimbo inogarwa negova remvura yakazarirwa mumiti yemvura iri pasi pemvura uye munzvimbo dzine mvura ine mvura, pamwe chete nezvinhu zvinokanganisa huwandu hwehove neshiri dzomumvura.”… “Mishonga yezvipembenene yekugadzira uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinosvibisa zvave zviri mumvura yepasi uye hova dzeGulf Basin Zvinoonekwa zvakanyanya.Mishonga inonyanyozivikanwa imishonga yesora inoshandiswa muchibage, soya bhinzi nembeu diki.Mishonga yezvipembenene inowanikwawo mumaguta.Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene iriko gore rose, asi shanduko mukugadzirisa kwayo kunoratidza mwero wekushandisa uye hunhu hunokanganisa kutama kwavo;Zvinhu zvinosvibisa zviri kubuda zvakaita semishonga nemahomoni zvakawanikwawo muGulf Basin, ine huwandu hwepamusoro musuweji yekanzuru.
Mishonga yezvipembenene zvekurima uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinosvibisa munzvimbo shanu dzemvura uye hunde dzeChesapeake Bay muUnited States.Chinyorwa chakaburitswa mu "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" muna 2007 chakadzidza mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene munzvimbo shanu dzine mvura: "Mukutanga kwechirimo cha2000, masampu emvura epamusoro akaunganidzwa kubva kunzvimbo gumi nemasere muChesapeake Bay.Ongororo yemishonga yezvipembenene.Muna 2004, 61 zviteshi zvemamiriro ekunze munzvimbo dzakati wandei dzakaonekwa semishonga yezvipembenene makumi maviri neimwe uye gumi neimwe zvigadzirwa zvinosvibisa, zvitatu zvacho zviri paAgricultural Del Mar Peninsula: Chester River, Nantic River uye Pocomok Rwizi, nzvimbo mbiri dziri kumadokero kwegungwa. guta.Mahombekombe: Rhode River, Procyon uye Lower Mobok Bay, kusanganisira Hou River uye Pokson River.Muzvidzidzo zviviri izvi, mishonga yesora nemishonga yekuparadza kwayo ndiyo yainyanya kuwanikwa Muna 2000, pyrazine nealachlor zvakawanikwa munzvimbo dzose 18 muna 2000. Muna 2004, huwandu hwepamusoro hwemishonga yevabereki hwakawanikwa munzvimbo yepamusoro yeChester River.Muzvidzidzo izvi, chero ongororo Iyo yekumisikidzwa kwezvinhu ndeye ethane sulfonic acid ye2,900 ng/L metolachlor (MESA) muRwizi rweNanticoke.Iyo yekusvibisa chigadzirwa MESA inowanikwa muRwizi rwePocomoke (2,100 ng/L) uye Chester River (1,200 ng/L).Iyo analyte concentration muL) zvakare ndiyo yakanyanya. "
Hunhu Hwemvura Yenyika-Mishonga Yezvipembenene muNzviva dzeNyika uye Mvura Yepasi.Chinyorwa cha2006 chakaburitswa neUSGS kubva 1992 kusvika 2001 chine chinangwa chekupindura: “Ndeipi mhando yehova nemvura yepasi munyika medu?Hunhu hunochinja sei nekufamba kwenguva?Ndeapi maitiro echisikigo uye mabasa evanhu?Kukanganisa kunaka kwenzizi nemvura yepasi.Migumisiro iyi iripi zviri pachena zvikuru?Nekubatanidza ruzivo pamusoro pemakemikari emvura, maitiro emuviri, nzvimbo dzinogara munzizi uye zvipenyu zvemumvura, chirongwa cheNAWQA chine chinangwa chekupa maitiro esainzi kumatambudziko emvura aripo uye ari kubuda uye zvinokosheswa. Maonero eNAWQA.Mibairo yeNAWQA inobatsira kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo rwekuita manejimendi emvura anobudirira nekudzivirira kwemhando yemvura uye nzira dzekudzorera.
Iyo yemvura toxicity modhi yezvekurima-inotongwa nemahombekombe egungwa muCalifornia yakabudiswa muna 1999 mukati Agriculture, Ecosystem uye Environment."Chinangwa ndechekuongorora kuitika, kuomarara, kunobva uye chikonzero chehupfu hwemumvura hwekusvibisa kusiri kwenzvimbo munzizi dzemahombekombe nemakungwa.Kupinda kwetsvina kubva munzvimbo dzekurima nedzemadhorobha pedyo nePajaro River estuary system, nzvimbo dzakasarudzwa, nzizi dziri kumusoro, madhaka emvura Uye nzvimbo nomwe mumigero yemvura yekurima kuona migero inogona kukonzera kuyerera kurwizi.Mishonga mitatu yezvipembenene (toxaphene, DDT nediazinon yakawanikwa ichikwirira kupfuura yakabudiswa huturu hwenzvimbo yezvipenyu zvemumvura zvemuno, muchetura wehova Zvinonyanya kuenderana nekuwedzera kwekuyerera kwenzizi.
Tsvagiridzo yemvura uye hutano hwevanhu yakawana kuti triclosan uye zvigadzirwa zvayo zvekuora zvine muchetura zvakasvibisa madziva emvura yakachena.Chidzidzo chakaburitswa muna 2013 neEnvironment Sayenzi neTekinoroji chakaedza madhamu emadziva emvura yakachena muMinnesota, kusanganisira Lake Superior.Mumwe munyori weongororo iyi, Dr. Bill Arnold, purofesa paUniversity of Minnesota, akati: “Takaona kuti mumadhamu ose mune madhamu etriclosan, uye kubvira pakatanga kugadzirwa triclosan muna 1964, uwandu hwemadhamu hwakazara. kwave Kuwedzera.Nanhasi.Takaona zvakare kuti kune mamwe macompounds manomwe anotorwa kubva kana kuti degradation zvigadzirwa zvetriclosan, zviri zvakare mumatope, uye kuwanda kwawo kunowedzerawo nekufamba kwenguva. "Zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekuora zvakawanikwa nemasaenzi Iwo polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), kirasi yemakemikari anozivikanwa kuve ane chepfu kuvanhu nemhuka dzesango.Verenga iyo "Pesticide Removal Daily News" yekupinda, Ndira 2013.
Chiitiko uye zvingangobva kune zvipembenene zvepyrethroid munzizi sediments yenzvimbo nomwe dzemaguta muUnited States.Ichi chidzidzo cha2012 chakaburitswa muEnvironment Sayenzi neTekinoroji yakaongorora data renyika pamusoro pemishonga yepyrethroid., Yakawana kuti "imwe kana anopfuura pyrethroids akaonekwa munenge hafu yemasampuli, pakati peiyo bifenthrin ine yakanyanya kutariswa mwero.Kakawanda (41%), uye inowanikwa munzvimbo dzese metropolitan.Kuonekwa Kuwanda kwecyfluthrin, cypermethrin, permethrin uye permetrin kwakaderera zvikuru.Iyo pyrethroid concentration uye hyaluronic acid kufa muyedzo yemazuva makumi maviri nemasere yakaderera pane dzakawanda dzemudhorobha zvidzidzo zverwizi.Logarithmic shanduko yezvese pyrethroids Toxic units (TUs) ine hukama zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwekupona, uye bifenthrin inogona kuve inokonzera yakawanda yehupfu hunocherechedzwa.Chidzidzo ichi chinoratidza kuti mapyrethroids anowanzo kuwanikwa mumadhorobha enzizi sediments uye anogona kuiswa munzizi dzese Toxic substances.Nyika.”
Urinary biomarkers yeprenatal Atrazine exposure uye yakashata mhedzisiro yekuzvarwa muPELAGIE birth cohort.Ichi chidzidzo chakabudiswa mu "Environmental Health Perspective" uye "yakaongorora hukama pakati pemigumisiro yekuberekwa kwakashata uye urinary biomarkers yeprenatal atrazine exposure.Hukama huri pakati pemishonga yesora miviri iyi nekufumurwa kwemimwe mishonga yesora inoshandiswa pazvirimwa zvechibage (octazine, pretilachlor, metolachlor neacetochlor)… Tsvakurudzo iyi yakashandisa dhizaini yeboka revanhu, uye nyaya iyi yakaitwa muna 2002 Muboka rekuzvarwa rakaitwa muBrittany, France kusvika muna 2006. Takaunganidza weti kubva kuvakadzi vane pamuviri kuti tiongorore biomarkers yekufumurwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene pamberi pe19.Ichi chidzidzo chaiva chekutanga kuongorora hukama pakati pemigumisiro yekuzvarwa uye triazines uye triazines.Zvidzidzo zvekubatana kweakawanda weti biomarkers yechloroacetanilide herbicide exposure.Kunyika uko atrazine ichiri kushandiswa, uchapupu hune chokuita nemigumisiro yokubereka yakaipa hwakwezva ngwariro chaiyo.”
Ongororo yekodzero dzevanhu yemishonga yemuchadenga muDelta Lake muOregon, mushumo wa2011 wakaburitswa neEnvironmental and Human Rights Advisory Committee yakaongorora kufumurwa kwemishonga yesora mumasango ari pedyo nemhuri nemhedzisiro yeutano kumhuri idzi."Mushure mekunge Weyerhaeuser aita zvekupfapfaidza mumhepo muna Kubvumbi 8 naKubvumbi 19, zvichiteerana, masampuli eweti kubva kuvagari makumi matatu nevana, kusanganisira vagari, akapihwa murabhoritari yeEmory University uye akaongororwa uye 2, Kuvapo kwe4-D.Ese makumi matatu nemana eurea samples akaonekwa aine mishonga yese yesora.Mienzaniso miviri: weti yemunhu mukuru yakabuda yeatrazine yakawedzera ne 129 muweti mushure mekushandiswa kwemhepo %, kuwedzera kwe31% muweti 2,4-D, kuwedzera kwe163% muweti yeatrazine muweti yemukadzi mukuru. mugari, uye 54 uye mwedzi mishoma yapfuura Zvichienzaniswa nedanho rekutanga, chikamu che 2,4-D muweti mushure mekuiswa kwemuchadenga kwawedzera.Kubva pamaonero emitemo yekodzero dzevanhu, izvi zvinogona kukonzera mutoro wesangano.”
Zvirwere zvekuuraya zvipembenene zvine hukama ne-off-target pesticide drift inokonzerwa nekushandiswa kwekurima: 11 nyika, 1998-2006, chidzidzo chakabudiswa mu "Environmental Health Perspective", "inofungidzira chiitiko chezvirwere zvakanyanya zvinokonzerwa nekuuraya zvipembenene mukushandiswa kwekurima kwekunze. , uye inoratidza kuratidzwa kwekukukurwa uye hosha. "Zvakabuda zvinoratidza kuti: “Kubva muna 1998 kusvika 2006, takawana nyaya 2945 dzine chokuita nokurasikirwa nemishonga yekurima kubva kumatunhu gumi nerimwe.Zvatakawana zvinoratidza kuti chikamu che47% chevanhu vane Exposure kubasa, 92% yevanhu vanotambura nezvirwere zvishoma zvakanyanya, uye 14% yevana (<15 years).Mumakore aya e9, chiitiko chegore negore chakabva ku1.39 kusvika ku5.32 pamamiriyoni evanhu.MuCalifornia Pakati pematunhu mashanu ane hunyanzvi hwekurima, huwandu hwevashandi vekurima (miriyoni-makore-makore) ndeye 114.3, vamwe vashandi 0.79, kusagara 1.56, uye vagari makumi mana neshanu.Kushandiswa kwezvinonhuhwirira muvhu ndiko kunotora chikamu chikuru (45%) cheAviation application chakaita 24% yezviitiko.Zvinhu zvinowanzoitika zvinokonzeresa kudonha zvinosanganisira mamiriro ekunze, kuiswa chisimbiso zvisina kufanira kwenzvimbo dzekuputira, uye kusangwarira kwevanonyorera pedyo nenzvimbo dzisina chinangwa. "Ongororo yacho yakagumisa ichiti: “Nemhaka yekurasika, vashandi vezvekurima nevagari vemunzvimbo dzekurima vane mwero wepamusoro wechepfu yezvipembenene, uye kupfutidza kwevhu ndiyo ngozi huru, ichikonzera tsaona huru.Mhedzisiro yedu yekutsvagisa inosimbisa nzvimbo idzo kupindira kunogona kudzikiswa kubva mukutsauka.
Ko mishonga yekudzivirira yemuromo inoita mupiro unokosha kune estrogenicity yemvura yekunwa?Chidzidzo che2011 chakaongorora zvinyorwa pane zvakasiyana-siyana zveesrogen pamusoro, mvura uye mvura yekunwa kuti ione kana OCs ndiyo inokonzera estrogen mumvura yepamusoro, inotarisa kune mamorekuru anoshanda kubva kuOC.Munyori akawana kuti zviwanikwa zvemaindasitiri uye zvekurima hazvisi kungoburitsa estrogen, asi zvakare kuburitsa mamwe makemikari anokuvadza anogona kutevedzera estrogen.Aya makomisheni anowedzera iyo yeserogen kusvibiswa kwemvura yedu.Chidzidzo chacho chakaratidza mishonga yezvipembenene sechinhu chinokonzera estrogen mumvura.Mishonga yakawanda inonzi xenoestrogens.Vanotevedzera estrogen uye vanoparadza endocrine system.Chidzidzo "Dziviriro dzekudzivirira pamuviri dzinopa rubatsiro rwakakosha kuestrogen mumvura yekunwa here?"rakabudiswa muEnvironmental Science and Technology.Verenga zvinyorwa zve "Pesticide Removal Daily News" kubva muna Zvita 2010.
Hunhu hwekuenda kumwedzi uye huwandu hwemahomoni ekubereka evakadzi vanofumurwa kuazine mumvura yekunwa "Environmental Research" Chirevo chakabudiswa muna 2011 "chakadzidza hukama pakati pekuratidzwa kweazine mumvura yekunwa uye basa rekuenda kumwedzi (kusanganisira mazinga ehomoni yekubereka).Ukama huri pakati pevakadzi vane makore 18-40 vanogara munharaunda dzekurima vakapindura mubvunzo (n = 102) munyaya yekushandiswa kwakanyanya kweatrazine (Illinois) uye kushandiswa kwakaderera kweatrazine (Vermont).Menstrual cycle diary (n = 67), uye sampuli dzemazuva ose weti dzinopiwa kuongororwa kwehomoni ye luteinizing (LH), estradiol uye progesterone metabolites (n = 35).Zviratidzo zvinosanganisira pekugara, mvura yemupombi, mvura yemunisiparati Uye kuwanda kweatrazine uye chlorotriazine muweti, uye chiyero chinofungidzirwa chekushandisa mvura.Vakadzi vanogara muI Illinois vanowanzo taura zvisingaite nguva yekuenda kumwedzi (odd (OR) = 4.69; 95% nguva yekuvimba (CI)): 1.58-13.95), uye nguva iri pakati pemwedzi miviri inodarika mavhiki matanhatu (OR = 6.16; 95% CI: 1.29-29.38).Kushandiswa kwezuva nezuva kwe> 2 makapu emvura isina kusefa yeI Illinois kuchawedzera nguva dzisina kujairika Njodzi (OR = 5.73; 95% CI: 1.58-20.77).Iyo inofungidzirwa "dose" ye r uye chlorotriazine mumvura yepombi inopindirana neavhareji metabolites yeestradiol iri pakati luteal phase.Iyo "dose" yekusangana kwemanisipala ye dezine Iyo yakanangana nehurefu hweiyo follicular nguva, uye inversely inoenderana neavhareji metabolite level yeprogesterone muchikamu chechipiri luteal.Humbowo hwekutanga hwatinopa hunoratidza kuti kuratidzwa kweatrazine kwakadzikira pane yeUS EPA MCL, ine chekuita nekuwedzera kusingaite kwekuenda kumwedzi.Kurebesa kwacho kune chekuita nekudzikira kwemazinga eendocrine biomarkers mukufamba kumwedzi kwekushaya mbereko. "
Kuongororwa kwenjodzi ye turfgrass pesticide inoyerera kumvura yekunwa.Cornell University (Cornell University) yakaburitswa muna 2011 yakaita ongororo yehutano hwevanhu hwekuuraya zvipembenene kubva muuswa uye makosi egorofu munzvimbo 9 dzevanhu vachishandisa Destiny uye chirongwa chekufambisa.Kuwanda kwemishonga yezvipembenene ye37 turf mishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa kuti ishandiswe mumakosi egorofu yakaenzaniswa nemaitiro emvura yekunwa… For fairways, zvese isoproturon ne24-D zvakagadzira njodzi huru uye isingaperi munzvimbo dzinopfuura nhatu.Chete njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzekushandisa chlorobutanil pamagreens uye T-shirts dzawanikwa.MCPA, uswa dione uye 24-D yakaiswa kune patsangadzi inogona kukonzera njodzi dzakakomba uye dzisingaperi.Iko kusanganiswa kweacephate kwakaiswa pa fairways ine acute RQ≥0.01 munzvimbo ina ndiyo yaive yepamusoro-soro, uye uwandu hweoxadiazon hwakaiswa palawn ine chisingaperi RQ≥0.01 muHouston ndiyo yaive yepamusoro-soro.Mushonga wezvipembenene mu fairway ndiwo wakakwirira, uye kuwanda kwezvipembenene mugirinhi ndiko kwakadzikira.Mhedzisiro huru yakaonekwa munzvimbo dzine kunaya kwepagore kwakanyanya uye mwaka wekukura kwenguva refu, nepo kukanganiswa kudiki kwakaonekwa munzvimbo dzine kunaya kwakaderera.Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza kuti vanhu vanogara munzvimbo dzinonaya mvura zhinji vanogona kunge vaine mukana wakanyanya wekuuraya zvipembenene mumvura yavo yekunwa pane zvakafanotaurwa neUS Environmental Protection Agency's risk assessment.”
Nitrate kudya uye njodzi yekenza yekenza uye chirwere chetachiona.Chidzidzo chakabudiswa muEpidemiology muna 2010 chakaongorora kudyiwa kwenitrate mumvura yevoruzhinji uye kudya muboka revakadzi vakuru ve21977 muIowa.Ukama huri pakati pekupinda nekenza yegomarara uye njodzi yekuzvizivisa-yega hypothyroidism uye hyperthyroidism.Vakanyoresa muna 1986 uye vakashandisa mvura imwe chete kwemakore anopfuura gumi.Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti vakadzi vakashandisa mvura yeruzhinji ine nitrate level ye5 milligrams per litre (mg/liter) kana kupfuura kwemakore anopfuura mashanu vaive nekuwedzera kwakapetwa katatu munjodzi yegomarara rethyroid.Kuwedzerwa kwekudya kwenitrate kudya kunobatanidzwa nehuwandu hwehutachiwana hwehutachiwana uye kupararira kwe hypothyroidism, asi kwete ne hyperthyroidism.Vatsvakurudzi vanoratidza kuti nitrate inodzivisa kukwanisa kwethyroid kushandisa iodide, iyo inodiwa kuti thyroid ishande."Kudzidza pamusoro peNitrate Intake uye Ngozi yeCancer Thyroid uye Thyroid Disease" yakabudiswa mu epidemiology.Verenga zvinyorwa zve "Pesticide Removal Daily News" kubva muna Chikunguru 2010.
Mishonga yezvipembenene uye Kukanganiswa Kwekuzvarwa muSurface Water muUnited States Ongororo iyi, yakabudiswa muActa Paediatrica muna 2009, yakaongorora "kana njodzi yekuremara kwekuzvarwa muvana vanozvarwa vari vapenyu inofungidzirwa mumwedzi ine mishonga yepamusoro yemvura yepamusoro yakakura…" chidzidzo ichi. akagumisa Mhedziso ndeyokuti “kuwedzera kwemishonga yezvipembenene pakati pevana vanozvarwa vari vapenyu veLMP kubva muna Kubvumbi kusvika Chikunguru kune njodzi huru yekuremara pakuzvarwa muvacheche mumvura yepamusoro.Kunyangwe chidzidzo ichi chisingakwanisi kuratidza hukama hwechikonzero pakati pemishonga yezvipembenene nekuremara pakuzvarwa, Kubatana uku kunogona kupa ruzivo kune zvakajairwa zvinhu zviviri izvi.Verenga "Pesticide Removal Daily News" kupinda kubva muna Kubvumbi 2009.
Dioxins mu triclosan inowedzera kuwanikwa mumvura.Ongororo yakabudiswa muna 2010 neEnvironment Sayenzi neTekinoroji yakaongorora dhaka remasamples ane zvinyorwa zvakaunganidzwa zvekusvibiswa kubva kuPepin Lake mumakore makumi mashanu apfuura.Ping Lake chikamu cheRwizi rweMississippi 120 mamaira zasi kubva kuMinneapolis-St.Paul Metropolitan Area.Sampuli dzakabva dzaongororwa triclosan, triclosan uye mana dioxin mumhuri yese yemakemikari dioxin.Vatsvagiri vakawana kuti kunyangwe iwo mazinga emamwe ese madhioxin adonha ne73-90% mumakumi matatu emakore apfuura, mazinga mana akasiyana dioxin anobva kutriclosan akakwira ne200-300%.Verenga nyaya yemazuva ese Beyond Pesticides, Chivabvu 2010.
Kushandiswa kwemvura zvakanaka uye chirwere cheParkinson mumaruwa eCalifornia.Chidzidzo che2009 chakabudiswa mu "Environmental Health Perspective" uye yakadzidza mishonga yezvipembenene makumi maviri nenhanhatu, kunyanya mitanhatu yezvipembenene.“Sarudze iwo nekuti anogona kusvibisa mvura yepasi kana nekuti anokuvadza PD.Yakasarudzwa, uye inokwana gumi muzana yevagari vedu yakafumurwa. ”Iwo ndiwo: diazinon, toxrif, propargyl, paraquat, dimethoate uye methomyl.Kuratidzira kune proppropgite kunonyanya kuenderana nekuitika kwePD, ine 90% kuwedzera kwengozi.Ichiri kushandiswa muCalifornia, kunyanya kune nzungu, chibage uye mazambiringa.Toxic rif yaimbove yakajairwa zuva nezuva kemikari, iyo ine hukama ne87% yepamusoro njodzi yePD.Kunyangwe yakarambidzwa kushandiswa kwekugara muna 2001, ichiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya pazvirimwa muCalifornia.Methomyl yakawedzerawo njodzi yekurwara ne67%.Verenga iyo "Pesticide Removal Daily News" yekupinda, Nyamavhuvhu 2009.
Kuyerera kwepokugara ndiko kunobva mishonga yezvipembenene yepyrethroid kunzizi dzemumaguta.Chidzidzo chakabudiswa mu "Environmental Pollution" muna 2009 yakatsvaga "kuparara munzvimbo dzekugara pedyo neSacramento, California ... kwegore.Pyrethroids iripo mune yese sampuli.Bifenthrin iri mumvura Iyo yakanyanya kukwirisa ndeye 73 ng/L, uye iyo yakanyanya kukwirisa mumhepo yakamiswa ndeye 1211 ng/g.Pyrethroids ndiyo inonyanya kukosha toxicological research zvinhu, inoteverwa necypermethrin uye cyfluthrin.Bifenthrin inogona kubva mukunwiwa Kunyangwe iwo maitiro emwaka ekuyerera kubva mumadhireni achinyanya kuenderana nekushandiswa kwehunyanzvi senzvimbo huru yekushandisa nevashandi kana nyanzvi dzekudzivirira zvipembenene.Mukutakura mapyrethroids kuenda kuhova dzemudhorobha, kuyerera kwemvura yekunaya kwakakosha kudarika mvura yekudiridza panguva yekusanaya kwemvura.Madutu ane simba anogona kudira zvikamu 250 zvemvura yebifenthrin kunzizi dzomumaguta mumaawa matatu, uye izvi ndezvechokwadiwo mumwedzi mitanhatu yokudiridza.”
Kutyisa kwepyrethroids uye organophosphate pesticides munzvimbo mbiri dzemahombekombe (California, USA) yakabudiswa mu "Environmental Toxicology uye Chemistry" muna 2012, iyo yakaongorora shanduko mukusangana uye chepfu ye organophosphates uye pyrethroids.“Nzvimbo gumi dzakatorwa munzvimbo ina dzefundo.Imwe nzvimbo yakakanganiswa neguta uye imwe yese yaive munzvimbo dzekurima.Iyo nhata yemvura (Ceriodaphnia dubia) yakashandiswa kuongorora huturu hwemvura, uye amphibian Hyalella Azteca yakashandiswa kuongorora sediment toxicity.Chemistry Identification ongororo yakaratidza kuti huturu hwemvura huzhinji hwaikonzerwa nemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi organophosphate, kunyanya ine chepfu rif, nepo sediment toxicity yakakonzerwa nemusanganiswa wemishonga yepyrethroid.Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti zvese zviri zviviri kushandiswa kwevhu rekurima neremumaguta Kuchipa hupfu hwehupfu hwezvipembenene izvi kunzvimbo iri padyo…”
Maarumondi anoshandisa organophosphates uye pyrethroids muSan Joaquin Valley nenjodzi dzadzo dzakabatana kwezvakatipoteredza.Chidzidzo ichi cha2012 chakaburitswa muJournal of Soils and Sediments chakashandisa dhatabhesi reCalifornia Pesticide Use Reports kuona mashandisirwo eorganic phosphorus (OP) nemapyrethroids mumaarumondi kubva 1992 kusvika 2005. yakaderedzwa.Zvisinei, migumisiro yemishonga yepyrethroid yakaonekwa kuti yakasiyana.Muchidzidzo ichi, pyrethroids haina kukuvadza kune zvakatipoteredza pane OP.Migumisiro yacho inoratidza kuti “kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene mukurima kwakadzama uye njodzi dzinobatanidzwa dzezvakatipoteredza dzine kukanganisa kwakashata pakusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu.”
Kuonekwa kweiyo neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid mumvura yepamusoro yenzvimbo nhatu dzekurima muCalifornia, USA, 2010-2011, chidzidzo che2012 chakaburitswa mu2012 Environmental Pollution uye Toxicology Bulletin yakaunganidza nzvimbo nhatu dzekurima muCalifornia makumi manomwe neshanu emvura masampuli mudunhu, uye iyo "neonicotinoids" insecticide imidacloprid yakaongororwa.Mienzaniso yakaunganidzwa mukati memwaka wekudiridza wakaoma kuCalifornia muna 2010 uye 2011. Imidacloprid yakaonekwa mumasampuli makumi matanhatu nemanomwe (89%).Iko kusungirirwa kwakapfuura muyero 1.05μg/L (19%) yezvipenyu zvisingaperi zvisingaperi zvemumvura mune 14 samples dzeUS Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).Concentrations zvakare yakawandisa pane yakafanana toxicity nhungamiro yakagadzwa kuEurope neCanada.Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti imidacloprid inowanzo tamira kune dzimwe nzvimbo uye inosvibisa mvura yepasi, uye kumisa kwayo kunogona kukuvadza zvipenyu zvemumvura mushure mekushandiswa pasi pemamiriro ekurima ekudiridza muCalifornia.”
Chiyero chefungicide chlorthalidone uye corticosterone mune amphibians, kusadzivirirwa uye kufa hakuna-mutsara.Ongororo yakabudiswa mu "Environmental Health View" muna 2011 yakaratidza kuti fungicide inonyanya kushandiswa muUnited States, chlorothalonil Low doses inogonawo kuuraya matatya.Maererano nevatsvakurudzi, kusvibiswa kwemakemikari kunoonekwa sechipiri chekutyisidzira kumarudzi emvura uye amphibian muUnited States.Nekuti akawanda akakosha amphibian masisitimu akafanana nevanhu, vaongorori vanotenda kuti amphibians inogona kunge isingasashandiswe modhi yekudzidza mhedzisiro yemakemikari zvinhu pahutano hwevanhu mumhoteredzo, uye vakaronga kuyera mhinduro yeamphibians kune chlorothalonil.Verenga iyo "Pesticide Removal Daily News" yekupinda, Kubvumbi 2011.
Kukanganisa kwehunyanzvi hwekudzivirira masvosve pakuyerera nekushanda kwemushonga wezvipembenene Iyi ongororo ya2010 yakabudiswa muPest Management Science yakaongorora kuyerera kwemajuru munzvimbo dzinogara (kunyanya bifenthrin kana fipronil sprays)."Mukati megore ra2007, chiyero chebifenthrin spray mumvura yekudiridza chaive 14.9 microg L (-1) 1 vhiki mushure mekurapa, uye 2.5 microg L (-1) pamavhiki masere.Muchetura kuzvisikwa zvemumvura zvinonzwisa tsitsi.Kusiyana neizvi, mushure memavhiki masere ekurapwa nebifenthrin granules, hapana kusungirirwa kwakaonekwa mumvura inoyerera.Avhareji yehuwandu hwefipronil inoshandiswa se peripheral spray mushure mekurapa 4.2 micrograms L (-1) kwevhiki 1 uye 0.01 micrograms L (-1) pamavhiki masere.Kukosha kwekutanga kunoratidzawo kuti inogona kunge ine hanya kune zvipenyu.Muna 2008, kushandiswa kwenzvimbo dzisina kupfapfaidza uye kunyorera kwekuyerera kwetsono kwakaderedza Runoff kubva kumishonga yezvipembenene.
Kutakurwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene munzvimbo inoyerera yevhu rehonye: hukama pakati pemaitiro emishonga yezvipembenene uye zvifambiso zvevoruzhinji.Chidzidzo chacho chakabudiswa mumagazini yeEnvironmental Toxicology and Chemistry muna 2010. Kuedza kwakagadzirirwa "kuyera turf sehuwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene murunoff kubva kugorofu fairways" kunzwisisa zviri nani zvinhu zvinokanganisa kuwanikwa kwemakemikari uye kutakura kwevanhu vakawanda.Kana yatengwa kubva kumusika, iyo yakaiswa muchetura rif, fluoroacetonitrile, methacrylic acid (MCPP), dimethylamine munyu we2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) kana 1% kusvika 23% yedicamba isati yaita kunaya kwemvura (62 + /- 13 mm), kugadzirwa kwepesticide kwakashandiswa pachiyero chekumaka che23 +/- 9 maawa.Musiyano wenguva pakati pehollow tine musimboti kudyara uye runoff haina zvakanyanya kukanganisa kumhanya kana chikamu chemakemikari akaiswa mukumhanya.Kunze kwepfuti ine chepfu, makemikari ese ekufarira akaonekwa mune yekutanga runoff sampu uye yese inomhanya chiitiko.Mamepu emakemikari ezvipembenene zvishanu izvi anotevera mafambiro ekufamba ane chekuita nevhu organic carbon partition coefficient (K(OC)).Iyo data yakaunganidzwa kubva muchidzidzo ichi inopa ruzivo nezve kutakurwa kwezvinhu zvemakemikari mu turf runoff, iyo inogona kushandiswa kuenzanisira kuenzanisa kufanogonera kugona kwekusvibisa kusiri kwenzvimbo uye kufungidzira njodzi yezvakatipoteredza.”
Atrazine inokonzera kuzara kwevakadzi uye kukanda makemikari mumatatya echirume eAfrica (Xenopus laevis).Ichi chidzidzo, chakabudiswa muProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences muna 2010, "inoratidza migumisiro yekubereka yeatrazine muvanhu vakuru amphibians.Varume vakafumurwa rdesine vese vanobviswa mascle (chemical castration) Akaitwazve mukadzi zvizere kuita vakadzi vakuru.10% yevarume vakafumurwa genetic vakagadzirwa kuita vakadzi vanoshanda, vanosangana nevarume vasina kufumurwa uye vanogadzira mazai ane mazai.Vanhurume vakafumurwa radixine vanotambura nekuderedzwa kwe testosterone, Saizi yematumbu ekubereka inodzikiswa, kukura kwedororo ndeye demasculine / feminized, maitiro ekubatana anorambidzwa, spermatogenesis inodzikira, uye kubereka kwadzikira.Chidzidzo ichi "Atrazine yakakonzera vakadzi vakakwana mumatatya echirume emuAfrica (Xenopus laevis) Yakatsikiswa mu "Chemistry and Chemical Castration".Verenga nhau dzemazuva ese kupfuura mishonga yezvipembenene, Kurume 2010.
Kushingirira kwetriclosan mumiti yekuchenesa mvura yetsvina uye inogona kuita muchetura parwizi biofilms.Ichi chidzidzo chakaburitswa muAquatic Toxicology muna 2010 yakaongorora mhedzisiro yetriclosan inoburitswa kubva kuMedithera yekuchenesa mvura inorapa zvidyarwa paalgae uye mabhakitiriya.."Seti yematanho ekuedza inoshandiswa kuyedza mhedzisiro yenguva pfupi yetriclosan pane biofilm algae uye mabhakitiriya (kubva pa0.05 kusvika 500 μgL-1).Iko kusanganiswa kwetriclosan kwakabatana nemamiriro ekunze kunounza kuwedzera kwekufa kwebhakitiriya, uye iyo isina mhedzisiro yekuisa (NEC) ndeye 0.21 μgL-1.Pakuongororwa kwepamusoro-soro, mabhakitiriya akafa akaverengera 85% yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwebhakitiriya.Triclosan ine chepfu kune mabhakitiriya kupfuura algae.Sezvo kuwedzera kwetriclosan kunowedzera (NEC = 0.42μgL-1), photosynthesis kunyatsoshanda Inodziviswa, uye iyo isiri-photochemical quenching mechanism inoderedzwa.Kuwedzera kwetriclosan concentration kunokanganisawo kushanda kwediatom masero.Algae toxicity inogona kuva mugumisiro wehusina kunanga pane biofilm toxicity, asi inoonekwa mumagumo ose ane chokuita nealgae Kuderera kuri pachena uye zvishoma nezvishoma mumigumisiro kunoratidza kushanda kwakananga kwefungicide.Iyo chepfu yakaonekwa pane zvisiri-zvinangwa zvezvinhu zviripo mubiofilm, kugona kwetriclosan kurarama kuburikidza nemushonga wekuchenesa tsvina uye yakasarudzika yakaderera dilution kugona kweMedithera system ichaita. .”
Pyrethroid insecticides muhova dzesalmon mumaguta muPacific Northwest yakabudiswa mu "Environmental Pollution" muna 2010, "Sediments muOregon neWashington State ... kuona kushandiswa kwemazuva ano kwepyrethroid insecticides munzvimbo dzinogara vanhu. kudzika kwadzo kune muchetura zvikuru” kumhuka dzisina mutsipa dzisinganzwiki.Chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemakumi matatu neshanu emasamples aive nemapirethroids anoyerwa.Yakabatana nehupfu hwezvipenyu zvemumvura, bifenthrin ndiyo inonyanya kunetseka pyrethroid, inopindirana nezvidzidzo zvekare kune imwe nzvimbo.”
Atrazine inoderedza kubereka kwehove dzine mafuta (Pimephales promelas).Ichi chidzidzo chakabudiswa muna 2010 mu aquatic toxicology yakafumura hove dzine mafuta kune atrazine uye yakacherechedza migumisiro yekugadzirwa kwezai, kukanganisa kwenyama uye mazinga ehomoni.Mumamiriro ezvinhu ari pasi peEPA mvura yehutano mazano, hove dzinoratidzwa kune zvakadzika kubva ku0 kusvika ku50 micrograms per litre ye desine kwemazuva makumi matatu.Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti atrazine inokanganisa maitiro ekuberekwa, uye hove haigoni kuisa mazai akawanda mushure mekuratidzwa kune atrazine.Kuenzaniswa nehove dzisina kuvharwa, mazai akazara ehove akaiswa kune atrazine akanga akaderera mukati me17 kusvika kumazuva 20 mushure mekuratidzwa.Hove dzakafumurwa kuatrazine dzinokandira mazai mashoma, uye matishu ekubereka evose varume nevakadzi aive asina kujairika.Verenga "Daily News Beyond Pesticides", Chikumi 2010.
Mhedzisiro ye nanoparticles pamaembryos ehove dzine musoro dema.Ichi chidzidzo chakaburitswa muEcotoxicology muna 2010 chakafumura hove ine musoro mutema kune dzakasiyana siyana dzakamiswa kana kumutswa nanoparticle mhinduro kwemaawa makumi mapfumbamwe nematanhatu mumatanho akati wandei ekukura kwayo.Apo nanosilver yakabvumirwa kugadzirisa, chepfu yemushonga yakaderedzwa kakawanda, asi ichiri kukonzera kuremara kwehove duku.Pasinei nekurapa kwe ultrasound, nano-silver inogona kukonzera kukanganisa, kusanganisira musoro wehemorrhage uye edema, uye pakupedzisira rufu.Vatsvagiri vakaona kuti nanosilver yakave sonicated kana kumiswa mune mhinduro ine muchetura uye inouraya kune minnows ine chepfu.Hove dzakafuta imhando yechipenyu chinowanzoshandiswa kuyera chepfu kune zvipenyu zvemumvura.Verenga nhau dzemazuva ese kupfuura mishonga yezvipembenene, Kurume 2010.
A qualitative meta-analysis inoratidza zvinowirirana zvinokonzerwa neradix pahove dzemvura yakachena uye amphibians.Chidzidzo che2009 chakaburitswa mu "Environmental Health Perspective" yakaongorora zvinopfuura zana zvidzidzo zvesainzi zvakaitwa pa100 radix.Vatsvagiri vakawana kuti Tianjin ine sublethal isina kunanga mhedzisiro pahove uye amphibians, kunyanya kuparadzwa kwekudzivirira., Mahomoni uye hurongwa hwekubereka."Atrazine yakaderedza saizi yemetamorphosis kana pedyo nemetamorphosis mu15 yezvidzidzo zve17 uye 14 yemarudzi gumi nemana.Atrazine yakavandudza amphibians nehove mu12 ye13 zvidzidzo.Muchitanhatu chezvidzidzo zve7, maitiro ekurwisa mhuka akaderedzwa mu6 yezvidzidzo zvinomwe, uye kugona kwekunhuhwirira kwehove kune amphibians kwakaderedzwa.Kuderedzwa kwe13 immune function endpoints uye 16 hutachiona hwekupedzisira hwakabatana nekuderedzwa kweIn 7 yezvidzidzo zve10, deflux yakashandura zvishoma chikamu chimwe chegonadal morphology uye yakaramba ichikanganisa gonadal function.Mune 2 yezvidzidzo zviviri, spermatogenesis yakashandurwa muzvidzidzo zve7.Kusangana kwehomoni dzepabonde kwakashandurwa mu6 yezvidzidzo.Atrazine haina kukanganisa vitellogenin muzvidzidzo zve5, uye aromatase yakawedzerwa kune 1 chete yezvidzidzo zve6. "Verenga "Agrochemical Daily News", Gumiguru 2009.
Organohalogen zvinosvibisa uye metabolites muhuropi hwema dolphin kumadokero kweNorth Atlantic.Chirevo chekutsvagisa chakaburitswa mu "Environmental Pollution" muna 2009 chakaratidza zvinosvibisa zvakati wandei, zvinosanganisira organochlorine pesticides (OCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), Hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs), methylsulfonyl PCBs (MeSO2-PCBs, polybrominated diphenyl ether) retardants uye maOH-PBDE anowanikwa mucerebrospinal fluid uye cerebellar grey matter yezvipuka zvakawanda zvemugungwa, kusanganisira short-beaked common dolphin, Atlantic white-faced dolphin uye grey seals.Kuwanda kwePCB kwakakwira zvinoshamisa.Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti uwandu hwePCB mugrey sealed cerebrospinal fluid chikamu chimwe pamiriyoni. Verenga nhau dzezuva nezuva Beyond Pesticides, Chivabvu 2009.
Kubva 1995 kusvika 2004, bisexuality yaive yakapararira muAmerican river bass (Micropterus spp.).Chidzidzo che2009, chakaburitswa muAquatic Toxicology, chakaongorora bisexuality pakati pehove dzemvura yakachena munzvimbo pfumbamwe dzemvura muUnited States.“Matesticular oocyte (kunyanya machende echirume ane masero eutachiona echikadzi) ndiwo anowanzoonekwa pakusangana pabonde, kunyangwe nhamba yakafanana yehove dzechirume (n = 1477) neyechikadzi (n = 1633) yakaongororwa.Bisexuality yakawanikwa mu3% yehove.Pakati pemarudzi e16 akaongororwa, 4 marudzi (25%) uye 34 hove (31%) munzvimbo dze111 dzakawanikwa Mamiriro epabonde.Bisexuality haiwanikwe mumarudzi akawanda munzvimbo imwe chete, asi inowanzoitika muhombemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides; varume 18%) uye smallmouth bass (M. dolomieu; varume 33%).Chikamu chehove dzine bisexual muchikamu chega chega chehovemouth bass i8-91%, uye smallmouth bass i14-73%.Kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweUnited States, chiitiko chekuita zvepabonde chakanyanya, muApalachicola, Sa Bisexual largemouth bass aripo munzvimbo dzese muFanner neXiaojian River mabheseni.Zvisinei nekuti bisexuality, total mercury, trans-HCB, p, p'-DDE, p, p'-DDD nePCBs zvinocherechedzwa.
Mutsara wezvinosvibisa: Misanganiswa yemishonga yezvipembenene yakaderera-yakawanda inotapura sei nharaunda dzemumvura.Chirevo chekutsvagisa ichi chakaburitswa muOecologia muna 2009 "inodzidza mashandisirwo mashanu emishonga yezvipembenene (malathion, carbaryl, poisoning rif, Diazinon uye endosulfan) uye mashanu emishonga yesora (glyphosate, atrazine, acetochlor), low concentration (2-16 ppb) yealachlor, alachlor. uye 2,4-D) Ichakanganisa nharaunda yemvura inoumbwa ne zooplankton, phytoplankton, epiphytes uye larval amphibians (grey tree datya, datya remuti, variegated ingwe uye ingwe datya, Rana pipiens).Ndakashandisa midhiya yekunze uye ndakatarisa mushonga wega wega wega, Musanganiswa wemishonga yezvipembenene, musanganiswa wemishonga yesora uye musanganiswa wezvese gumi."
Kutyisa kwezvipembenene zviviri kune zvipenyu zvisiri zvenyukireya muCalifornia, USA, uye hukama hwayo nekuderera kwehuwandu hweamphibians.Chidzidzo chakabudiswa muna 2009 mu "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" yakatsvaga mishonga miviri inowanzoshandiswa pakati peCalifornia.Zvipembenene zvinoshandiswa-iyo isingaperi chepfu ye rif uye endosulfan.Mhuka dzePacific tree frog (Pseudacris regilla) uye datya reyero-netsoka (Rana boylii), amphibians, raramba huwandu hwevanhu uye rinogara nekuberekana munzvimbo dzeuswa dzakatenderedza Sierra Nevada.Vatsvakurudzi vakafumura mapere kumishonga yezvipembenene kubva kuGosner nhanho 25 kusvika 26 kuburikidza nemetamorphosis.Iyo inofungidzirwa yepakati inouraya concentration (LC50) yechepfu pfuti i365″ g/L mu regilla, uye 66.5″ g/L yeR. boylii.Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti endosulfan inonyanya kutyisa kune zvose zviri muchetura pane kuisa chepfu, uye kana yakaratidzwa kune yakakwirira ye endosulfan, kukura kwemarudzi maviri aya hakuna kunaka.Endosulfan yakakanganisawo kukura uye kukurumidza kwekukura kwemarudzi maviri.Verenga "Agrochemical Daily News", Chikunguru 2009.
Kutamiswa kwaamai kwexenobiotics uye mhedzisiro yayo pane larval mitsetse bass yeSan Francisco estuary.Ichi chidzidzo cha2008 chakaburitswa muPNAS chakawana kuti "makore masere emumunda uye murabhoritari tsvakurudzo inoratidza kuti substandard bass yakaitika mukutanga hupenyu nhanho yeSan Francisco estuary.Zvinosvibisa zvinouraya zvakafumura rwizi, uye huwandu hwevanhu huri kuramba huchidzikira kubva pakatanga kudonha muma1970.Biologic PCBs, polybrominated diphenyl ethers uye mishonga yezvipembenene yakashandiswa/yemakumbo parizvino yakawanikwa mumasamples emazai kubva kuhove dzakaunganidzwa kubva murwizi.Iyo tekinoroji inoshandisa musimboti weiyo unbiased stereoology inogona kuona shanduko yebudiriro yaimbove isingaonekwe neyakajairwa nzira.Kushandisa yolk zvisina kufanira, uropi husina kusimba uye kukura kwechiropa, uye kukura kwose kwakaonekwa mumakonye ehove dzinounganidzwa munzizi.”
Mhinduro yenharaunda uye ecosystems kune pulsed pesticide kukanganisa mumvura yakachena ecosystems.Chidzidzo chakaburitswa muEcotoxicology muna 2008 chakashandisa midhiya yekunze yemvura yekunze kuona mhedzisiro yemushonga wezvipembenene Sevin uye inoshanda chisanganiswa checarbaryl pamvura yakachena plankton Kukanganisa kwewebhu chikafu."Isu takatarisa kupindurwa kwema microorganisms, phytoplankton uye zooplankton nharaunda mukuwedzera kune oxygen kumisikidzwa.Nguva pfupi mushure mekushandiswa kweSevin, iyo carbaryl concentration yakasvika pakakwirira uye yakakurumidza kuderedzwa, uye hapana mutsauko wekurapa wakawanikwa mushure memazuva makumi matatu.Mukurapa kwepulse, planktonic Kuwanda, kusiyana-siyana, kuwanda, uye oksijeni kusanganiswa kwemhuka kwakaderera, asi kuwanda kwephytoplankton uye microorganisms kwakawedzera.Zvichienzaniswa nezvakanakira copods mune mamwe matatu marapirwo, iyo zooplankton mune yakakwirira-mushonga mushonga wainyanya kuumbwa Iyo inoumbwa ne rotifers.Kunyangwe nharaunda zhinji nemaitiro ecosystem achiratidza zviratidzo zvekupora mukati memazuva makumi mana aparadzwa nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene, kuchine misiyano yakakosha uye yakakosha munharaunda dzeutachiona, phytoplankton uye zooplankton mushure mekuparara kwemishonga yezvipembenene.
Zviitiko zvisingatarisirwi: kuuraya kwemishonga yezvipembenene pamatatya pazvisingafadzi.Ichi chidzidzo chakabudiswa mu "Ecology Applications" muna 2008 "yakadzidza mashandisiro akaderera muhuwandu hwakasiyana, nguva uye doses (10- 250 micrograms / litre) yemishonga inouraya zvipembenene pasi rose (malathion).Kuwanda kwakakanganisa nharaunda dzemumvura dzine zooplankton, phytoplankton, zvirimwa zvemumvura uye mhungu dzemukoko (dzakazvarwa padziviriro mbiri) kwemazuva makumi manomwe nemapfumbamwe.Nzira dzese dzekushandisa dzinotungamira mukuderedzwa kwe zooplankton, izvo zvinokonzeresa trophic cascade umo phytoplankton inowanda muhuwandu.Mune mamwe marapirwo, epiphyte anokwikwidza anozoderera.Yakaderedzwa zvirimwa zvemumvura zvinokanganisa matatya (matatya) Iyo metamorphosis nguva yeRana pipiens haina mhedzisiro.Zvisinei, ingwe datya (Rana pipiens) metamorphoses refu, uye kukura kwavo uye kukura zvakaderedzwa zvikuru.Sezvo mhoteredzo inooma, inotungamirira kurufu runotevera.Naizvozvo, malathion (Kukurumidza kuora) haina kuuraya zvakananga amphibians, asi yakakonzera trophic cascade reaction, izvo zvisina kunanga zvakakonzera kufa kwenhamba huru yeamphibians.Zvakakosha kudzokorora kushandiswa panguva yakaderera (7 kanomwe pavhiki, 10 µg / L nguva imwe neimwe) "Kusvina kurapa") kune 25-kupeta kukuru kune mhinduro dzakawanda dzemhinduro pane imwechete "pulse" application.Migumisiro iyi haisi yakakosha chete, nokuti malathion ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa, asiwo inowanikwa munzvimbo dzine mvura.Uye nekuti magadzirirwo anoitwa trophic cascade akajairika kumishonga yakawanda yezvipembenene, inopa mukana wekuti vanhu vafembera mishonga yakawanda yezvipembenene.Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inokanganisa nharaunda dzemumvura uye uwandu hwemakonye.
Ziva zvinonetsa zvikuru zvinobata macroinvertebrates muSalinas River (California, USA): mhedzisiro yemishonga yezvipembenene uye zvimedu zvakamiswa.Ichi chidzidzo cha2006 chakabudiswa mukati Environmental Pollution pane amphibians, zvipembenene uye et al.Zvidzidzo zvakaitwa kuti zvione kuti ndezvipi zvinonetsa zvinonyanya kukonzera chepfu uye zviri muCalifornia River."Tsvakiridzo yazvino inoratidza kuti zvichienzaniswa nemarara akamiswa muRwizi rweSalinas, mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene ndiyo inonyanya kukosha yekushushikana kwakanyanya kune macroinvertebrates."
Mushure mekuratidzwa kuderera kunoenderana nemwero wemushonga wesora atrazine, hermaphrodite, demasculine matatya akaburitswa muProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences muna 2002. Chidzidzo ichi chakaongorora mhedzisiro yeatrazine paAfrica clawed frog (Xenopus laevis).) Pesvedzero yekukura kwepabonde.Mapere anonyudzwa muatrazine (0.01-200 ppb) mukati mekukura kwegonye.Isu takatarisa iyo gonadal histology uye saizi yelarynx panguva yemetamorphosis.Atrazine (> kana = 0.1 ppb) inokonzera hermaphrodite Uye yakaomesa huro yevarume vasina kupfeka (>or= 1.0 ppb).Pamusoro pezvo, takatarisa mazinga eplasma testosterone evarume vakakura pabonde.Kana yaiswa ku25 ppb atrazine, mazinga e testosterone emurume X. laevis akaderera ka10.Isu takafungidzira kuti atrazine yaizokurudzira aromatase uye kukurudzira kutendeuka kwe testosterone kune estrogen.Uku kuparadzwa kwekugadzirwa kwe steroid kunogona kutsanangura demasculinization yemurume larynx uye kugadzirwa kwehermaphroditism.Zvinoshanda sezvakataurwa muchidzidzo chezvino Chiyero ndechekuonekwa kwechokwadi, zvichiratidza kuti dzimwe mhuka dzemufibhi dzinosangana neatrazine musango dzinogona kunge dziri panjodzi yekukanganisa kukura kwepabonde.Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakomponi uye zvimwe zvinokanganisa endocrine zvinokanganisa zvinogona kunge zviri chikonzero chekuderera kwehuwandu hweamphibians pasi rese.”
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