Benjamin Phillips, Michigan State University Extension;ndi Mary Mary Hausbeck, Dipatimenti ya Zomera, Dothi ndi Microbiology Sciences, MSU-May 1, 2019
Chlorothalonil (Bravo / Echo / Equus) ndi FRAC M5 fungicide, yomwe imadziwika kuti ndiyosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ngati chinthu chodziyimira pawokha kapena ngati bwenzi losakanikirana ndi thanki, ndipo imatha kupewa matenda ambiri amasamba.Zitsanzo zina za mankhwala a chlorothalonil omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi matenda ndi monga phwetekere ryegrass choipitsa masamba ndi zowola zipatso, phwetekere mochedwa choipitsa, phwetekere anthracnose zowola zipatso, cercospora ndi/kapena bulauni ndi/kapena bulauni ndi celery petiole blight , Alternaria alternata ndi kudula masamba a cercospora ndi petiole karoti, mawanga pa katsitsumzukwa woyera, mawanga ofiirira pa anyezi, adyo ndi leeks, ndi Alternaria alternata pa nkhaka, maungu, maungu ndi mavwende.Kuphatikiza pazitsanzo za matendawa, chlorothalonil imagwiranso ntchito ngati bwenzi lofunikira la tanki ndipo litha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera bowa polimbana ndi mildew.Chifukwa cha machitidwe ake angapo, mankhwalawa amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza komanso motsatizana.
Pakasowa, ma fungicides ena atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo ma fungicides ena amatha kusankhidwa kuwonetsetsa kuti mbewu zamasamba zimatetezedwa.Michigan State University Extension Department imalimbikitsa kuti muzimvera malamulo a FRAC mukaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ena opha bowa.
Mancozeb amapezeka ngati Manzate kapena Dithane.Ndi mankhwala ophera bowa a FRAC M3 omwe ali ndi zotsatira zofanana ndi chlorothalonil.Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kudzaza mipata yambiri yomwe ingayambitse mavuto chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chlorothalonil.Tsoka ilo, lebulo ya mancozeb ilibe zambiri zolembetsa za mbewu, kuphatikiza mphukira za Brussels, kaloti, broccoli, udzu winawake ndi leeks.Momwemonso, nthawi yokolola mango isanakolole ndi yotalika masiku asanu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zomwe zimakula mwachangu komanso zokolola zambiri monga nkhaka, sikwashi yachilimwe ndi sikwashi yachilimwe.Chifukwa cha machitidwe ake angapo, mankhwalawa amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza komanso motsatizana, koma mawonekedwe ena angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa katsitsumzukwa kanayi kwambiri komanso mbewu za mpesa kwa zisanu ndi zitatu kwambiri.
Switch ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo tosiyanasiyana topical system omwe ndi ophatikiza a fludemonil (FRAC 9) ndi ciprodinil (FRAC 12).Imalimbana ndi choyipitsa cha masamba cha Alternaria mu kaloti, mawanga a masamba a Alternaria mu broccoli, mphukira za Brussels, kabichi ndi kolifulawa, crater rot mu udzu winawake, ndi mawanga ofiirira mu anyezi.Ili ndi nthawi yokolola isanakolole yofanana ndi ya chlorothalonil.Mu kugwiriridwa, kaloti, udzu winawake ndi anyezi, chlorothalonil akhoza m'malo chlorothalonil.Zolemba zake zimangokhala masamba amasamba ndi masamba amizu.Mukatha kugwiritsa ntchito switch kawiri, chonde tembenuzani ngati fungicide yoyimira nambala ina ya FRAC, ndikuigwiritsanso ntchito.
Scala ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo tosiyanasiyana opangidwa kuchokera ku azoxystrobin (FRAC 9).Ilibe zilembo za kugwiriridwa, mipesa, ndi katsitsumzukwa.Komabe, imatha kusintha mawanga ofiirira mu adyo, leeks ndi anyezi.Ili ndi nthawi yokolola yofanana ndi chlorothalonil.
Tanos ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, opezeka m'deralo komanso olumikizana, kuphatikiza famoxalone (FRAC 11) ndi cyclophenoxy oxime (FRAC 27).Ndizothandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi Alternaria alternata ndipo zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati tanki yosakaniza ndi mankhwala opha fungicide a downy mildew.Palibe zolemba za katsitsumzukwa, broccoli, zikumera za Brussels, kabichi, kaloti, broccoli kapena udzu winawake.Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamipesa yonse, tomato, tsabola, anyezi, adyo ndi leeks.Nthawi zambiri, nthawi yokolola isanakolole imakhala yaifupi kuposa ya zinthu za Mancozeb, koma kwa mbewu za mpesa, tomato ndi tsabola, nthawi yokolola imakhalabe masiku atatu kuposa ya chlorothalonil.Ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza, zinthu zomwe zili mu FRAC 11 zimakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha anti-pathogens.Mukamagwiritsa ntchito Tanos mu pulogalamu yopopera mankhwala, nthawi zonse mutembenuzire ku code ina ya FRAC.
Pristine ndi mankhwala ophera mabakiteriya amitundumitundu, am'deralo komanso ophatikizika, omwe amapangidwa pophatikiza mankhwala ophera mabakiteriya FRAC (FRAC 11) ndi Carboxamide (FRAC 7).Pakali pano, sichinalembedwe katsitsumzukwa, canola, tomato, tsabola ndi mbatata.Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa Bravo kwa Alternaria choipitsa masamba mumipesa ndi kaloti, mawanga a masamba a Alternaria mu udzu winawake, ndi mawanga ofiirira mu adyo, leeks ndi anyezi.Nthawi yokolola isanakolole ndi yofanana ndi ya chlorothalonil.Mlingo waukulu kwambiri wa mbewu za mpesa ndi kanayi pachaka, ndipo malire a anyezi, adyo, ndi leeks ndi kasanu ndi kamodzi pachaka.Pristine amaloledwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu udzu winawake kawiri pachaka.Popopera mbewu mankhwalawa, nthawi zonse khalani kutali ndi zinthu za FRAC 11 nthawi iliyonse mukamagwiritsa ntchito Pristine.
Quadris / Heritage, Cabrio / Mutu kapena Flint / Gem ndi mankhwala ophatikizika kwambiri amtundu wa FRAC 11 fungicides.Mankhwalawa opangidwa ndi strobilurin amalembedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'mbewu zambiri zamasamba, ndipo nthawi zambiri nthawi yokolola isanakolole ndi masiku 0.Mankhwalawa ali ndi mbiri yabwino yochiza matenda ambiri a mafangasi.Komabe, FRAC 11 cone globulin ili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kopanga tizilombo tosamva mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza.Pofuna kuteteza kugwiritsa ntchito strobilurin ndikuchedwetsa kukula kwa kukana, zolemba zamakono zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa maulamuliro otsatizana omwe amaloledwa chaka chilichonse.Pazokolola zambiri, Quadris / Heritage imangolola kugwiritsa ntchito kawiri motsatizana, Cabrio / Headline imangolola kugwiritsa ntchito kamodzi kosalekeza, ndipo Flint / Gem imangolola kugwiritsa ntchito zinayi zokha.
Tebulo 1. Kufananiza mankhwala opha ma fungicides a masamba omwe amabzalidwa kwambiri ku Michigan (onani pdf kuti musindikize kapena muwerenge)
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