Benjamin Phillips, uLwandiso lweYunivesithi yaseMichigan State;kunye noMary Mary Hausbeck, iSebe leZityalo, iNzululwazi yoMhlaba kunye neMicrobiology, iMSU-Meyi 1, 2019
I-Chlorothalonil (i-Bravo / Echo / Equus) yi-FRAC M5 fungicide, eyaziwa ngokuba lula ukuyisebenzisa njengemveliso emele yodwa okanye njengeqabane lomxube wetanki, kwaye inokuthintela ezininzi iintsholongwane zemifuno.Eminye imizekelo yemichiza yokungunda ebizwa ngokuba yi-chlorothalonil esetyenziselwa ukulawula izifo iquka ukubola kwentyatyambo yetomato ryegrass kunye nokubola kweziqhamo, itumata kade blight, tomato anthracnose ripe fruit rot, cercospora kunye/okanye brown leaf kunye necelery petiole blight , Alternaria alternata kunye nokusika amagqabi e-cercospora kunye ne-petiole carrots. amabala kwi asparagus emhlophe, amabala amfusa kwitswele, ikonofile kunye neeliki, kunye ne Alternaria alternata kwi cucumber, amathanga, amathanga kunye neemelon.Ukongeza kule mizekelo yesi sifo, i-chlorothalonil ikwasebenza njengeqabane elibalulekileyo lokuxuba itanki kwaye ingasetyenziswa njengesibulala-ntsholongwane sokungunda ngokuchasene ne-downy mildew.Ngenxa yeendlela ezininzi zesenzo, imveliso ingasetyenziselwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nokulandelelana.
Ngamaxesha okunqongophala, amanye amayeza okubulala umngundo anokusetyenziswa, kwaye amanye amayeza okungunda anokukhethwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba izityalo zemifuno zikhuselekile.I-Michigan State University Extension Department incoma ukuba ubeke ingqalelo kwikhowudi ye-FRAC xa uthatha isigqibo sokusebenzisa enye i-fungicide spectrum.
IMancozeb ifumaneka njengeManzate okanye iDithane.Yintsholongwane yokungunda ebanzi ye-FRAC M3 eneziphumo ezifanayo kwi-chlorothalonil.Ingasetyenziselwa ukugcwalisa izithuba ezininzi ezinokubangela iingxaki ngenxa yokunqongophala kwe-chlorothalonil.Ngelishwa, ileyibhile ye-mancozeb ayinalo ulwazi lobhaliso lwezityalo, kubandakanywa izihluma zaseBrussels, iminqathe, i-broccoli, i-celery kunye ne-leeks.Ngokufanayo, ixesha laphambi kokuvunwa kwemango lide ngokwentelekiso leentsuku ezi-5, nto leyo enokwenza kube nzima ukusetyenziselwa izityalo ezikhula ngokukhawuleza nezivunwa kaninzi njenge cucumber, isikwashi sasehlotyeni kunye nomngqusho wehlobo.Ngenxa yeendlela ezininzi zokwenza, imveliso ingasetyenziswa ngokuphinda-phindeneyo nangokulandelelanayo, kodwa eminye imixube ingasetyenziselwa kuphela iasparagus amatyeli amane kakhulu kunye nezityalo zediliya kwizicelo ezisibhozo kakhulu.
Ukutshintsha sisistim esibanzi se-topical system fungicide eyindibaniselwano ye-fludemonil (FRAC 9) kunye ne-ciprodinil (FRAC 12).Iyasebenza ngokuchasene neAlternaria blight blight kwiminqathe, iAlternaria leaf spots kwi broccoli, Brussels sprouts, ikhaphetshu kunye necauliflower, crater rot kwi celery, namachokoza amfusa kwitswele.Inexesha laphambi kokuvuna elithelekiswa nelo leklorothalonil.Ekudlwengulweni, iminqathe, i-celery kunye ne-anyanisi, i-chlorothalonil ingathatha indawo ye-chlorothalonil.Ileyibhile yayo iphelele kwimifuno enamagqabi kunye nemifuno yeengcambu.Emva kokusebenzisa uTshintsho kabini, nceda uyijikelezise njengesibulala-mbumbulu esimele enye ikhowudi yeFRAC, kwaye uyisebenzise kwakhona.
I-Scala yintsholongwane ebanzi ye-systemic fungicide eyenziwe kwi-azoxystrobin (FRAC 9).Ayinamibhalo yodlwengulo, imidiliya, kunye ne-asparagus.Nangona kunjalo, inokuthatha indawo yeendawo ezimfusa kwigalikhi, iiliki kunye netswele.Inexesha lasemva kokuvuna elifana neklorothalonil.
I-Tanos yi-spectrum ebanzi, i-systemic yendawo kunye ne-bactericide yoqhagamshelwano, inhlanganisela ye-famoxalone (FRAC 11) kunye ne-cyclophenoxy oxime (FRAC 27).Iluncedo kakhulu ekulawuleni i-Alternaria alternata kwaye isetyenziswe njengomxube wetanki kunye nemichiza ethile yokungunda ye-downy.Azikho iilebhile ze-asparagus, i-broccoli, i-Brussels sprouts, ikhaphetshu, iminqathe, i-broccoli okanye i-celery.Ingasetyenziselwa yonke imidiliya, iitumato, iipepile, itswele, ikonofile kunye neeliki.Kwiimeko ezininzi, ixesha eliphambi kokuvuna lifutshane kunelo lemveliso yeMancozeb, kodwa kwizityalo zediliya, iitumato kunye neepepile, ixesha lokuvuna lisekude ngeentsuku ezintathu kunelo lemveliso ye-chlorothalonil.Ukuba isetyenziswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo, iimveliso kwi-FRAC 11 zinomngcipheko ophezulu we-anti-pathogens.Xa usebenzisa iTanos kwiprogram yokutshiza, soloko uyijikelezisa kwenye ikhowudi ye-FRAC.
I-Pristine yi-bactericide ebanzi, yenkqubo yendawo kunye ne-cross-layer, eyenziwa ngokudibanisa i-bactericides FRAC (FRAC 11) kunye neCarboxamide (FRAC 7).Okwangoku, ayibhalwanga i-asparagus, i-canola, iitumato, iipepile kunye neetapile.Ingasetyenziswa endaweni ye Bravo kwi Alternaria blight blight kwimidiliya nakwi carrots, iAlternaria leaf spot kwi celery, kunye namabala amfusa kwigalikhi, iiliki kunye namatswele.Ixesha eliphambi kokuvuna liyafana nelo leklorothalonil.Owona mlinganiselo uphezulu wokufakwa kwezityalo zediliya kumatyeli amane ngonyaka, kwaye owona mlinganiselo uphezulu wokufakwa kwetswele, ikonofile, kunye neeliki ziphindwe kathandathu ngonyaka.I-Pristine ivumelekile ukuba isetyenziswe kwi-celery kabini ngonyaka.Kwinkqubo yokutshiza, soloko uzigcine kude neemveliso ze-FRAC 11 ngalo lonke ixesha usebenzisa iPristine.
Quadris / Heritage, Cabrio / Headline okanye Flint / Gem are wide-spectrum topical system FRAC 11 fungicides.Ezi fungicides zisekelwe kwi-strobilurin zibhalwe ukuba zisetyenziswe kwizityalo ezininzi zemifuno, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi ikhefu langaphambi kokuvuna yi-0 iintsuku.Ezi mveliso zinembali entle yokunyanga izifo ezininzi zokungunda.Nangona kunjalo, i-FRAC 11 cone globulin inamandla aphezulu okuvelisa iintsholongwane ezinganyangekiyo ngamachiza ngokusetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo.Ukuze kukhuseleke ukusetyenziswa kwe-strobilurin kunye nokulibaziseka ukuphuhliswa kokuchasana, iilebhile zangoku zinciphisa inani lolawulo olulandelelanayo oluvunyelwe kunoma yimuphi unyaka omnye.Kwizityalo ezininzi, i-Quadris / Heritage ivumela kuphela izicelo ezimbini ezilandelelanayo, iCabrio / i-Headline ivumela kuphela isicelo esinye esiqhubekayo, kunye neFlint / Gem ivumela kuphela izicelo ezine eziphezulu.
Itheyibhile 1. Uthelekiso lwemichiza yokungunda ebanzi kwimifuno eqhelekileyo ekhuliswa eMichigan (jonga i-pdf ukuze uprinte okanye ufunde)
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IYunivesithi yaseMichigan State ngumqeshi ovunyiweyo, onamathuba alinganayo, ozinikele ekuphumezeni ukugqwesa ngokusebenzisa abasebenzi abahlukeneyo kunye nenkcubeko ebandakanyayo, kwaye ikhuthaza wonke umntu ukuba afezekise amandla akhe apheleleyo.Izicwangciso zokwandiswa kweYunivesithi yaseMichigan State kunye nezixhobo zivulelekile kuye wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, umbala, imvelaphi yesizwe, isini, isazisi ngokwesini, inkolo, ubudala, ubude, ubunzima, ukukhubazeka, iinkolelo zezopolitiko, isini, isimo somtshato, isimo sosapho, okanye umhlalaphantsi. Ubume bomkhosi.Ngentsebenziswano kunye neSebe lezoLimo lase-United States, yakhutshwa ngokukhuthazwa kwe-MSU ukususela ngoMeyi 8 ukuya kuJuni 30, 1914. UJeffrey W. Dwyer, uMlawuli woKwandiswa kwe-MSU, e-East Lansing, eMichigan, MI48824.Olu lwazi lulungiselelwe iinjongo zemfundo kuphela.Ukukhankanywa kweemveliso zorhwebo okanye amagama orhwebo akuthethi ukuba zivunyiwe yi-MSU Extension okanye iimveliso ezithandwayo ezingakhankanywanga.Igama le-4-H kunye nelogo zikhuselwe ngokukodwa yiCongress kwaye zikhuselwe ngekhowudi ye-18 USC 707.