Ingxelo entsha yalatha ubuntununtunu bentsholongwane ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zentsholongwane yentwala kwipyrethroids.Kweli nqaku, uSue Cowgill, iNzululwazi ePhezulu yoKhuseleko lweZityalo kwi-AHDB (i-Pest), ifunde iziphumo zeziphumo zabalimi beetapile.
Kule mihla, abalimi baneendlela ezimbalwa nezimbalwa zokulawula izinambuzane.“UYilo lweSicwangciso sokuSebenza seSizwe sokuSetyenziswa ngokuZinzileyo kwezibulali-zinambuzane” siyaqonda ukuba iinkxalabo ezinjalo ziya kukhuthaza abantu ukuba baphuhlise ukuxhathisa.Nangona oku kunokubonelela ngesicwangciso-qhinga esibanzi solawulo lokumelana nezitshabalalisi;kwixesha elifutshane, kufuneka sisebenzise ulwazi kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane ezikhoyo ngoku.
Ngokolawulo, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ngokucacileyo intsholongwane ukuba ithathelwe ingqalelo.Ziyahluka ngesantya ezithathwa ngaso zisasazwe ziintwala.Emva koko, oku kuya kuchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwesibulali zinambuzane kunye nomonakalo weentwala ekujoliswe kuzo.Kwiitapile, iintsholongwane ezibalulekileyo kwezorhwebo zahlulwe zibe ziindidi ezimbini.
E-UK, intsholongwane yeetapile leaf roll (PLRV) isasazwa ikakhulu ziintwala zepesika-tapile, kodwa ezinye iintwala ezihlala phantsi, ezinjengeentwala zetapile, zinokubandakanyeka.
Iintwala ziyatya kwaye zifunxe i-PLRV, kodwa kuthatha iiyure ezininzi phambi kokuba zisasazeke.Nangona kunjalo, iintwala ezisulelekileyo zinokuqhubeka nokusasaza intsholongwane ubomi babo bonke (le yintsholongwane “ezingisayo”).
Ngenxa yokulamba kwexesha, kunokulindeleka ngokusengqiqweni ukuba izibulali-zinambuzane ziya kunceda ukuphazamisa umjikelo wothumelo.Ke ngoko, imeko yoxhathiso ibalulekile kulawulo lwe-PLRV.
Iintsholongwane ezingapheliyo zetapile, ezifana ne-potato virus Y (PVY), zezona ziyingxaki kwimveliso yeetapile ze-GB.
Xa iintwala ziphuma emagqabini, iintsholongwane zentsholongwane zicholwa kwiincam zomlomo wazo.Ezi zinokuhanjiswa ngemizuzu, ukuba ayikho imizuzwana embalwa.Nokuba iitapile ayizizo iintwala, zisenokosuleleka ngokubhaqwa kwentwala.
Isantya sokusasazeka kuthetha ukuba amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kudla ngokuba nzima ukuphelisa lo mjikelo.Ukongeza ekwandeni kokuthembela kulawulo olungasebenzisi khemikhali, iintlobo ezininzi zeentwala kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ezi ntsholongwane.
Ngokwabaphandi, iintwala zepeach-potato, iintwala zengqolowa, i-cherry-cherry-oat aphids kunye ne-willow-carrot aphids zezona ntlobo ziphambili ezinxulumene ne-PVY kwi-Scottish seed aphids.
Ngenxa yendima yayo ephambili ekusasazeni i-PLRV kunye ne-PVY, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda imeko yokumelana nentwala.Ngelishwa, kwafumaniseka ukuba lichule ekuveliseni ukuxhathisa-malunga ne-80% yeesampulu zaseBritane zibonise ukuchasana ne-pyrethroids-ngeendlela ezimbini:
Kukho iingxelo zokuxhathisa kwe-neonicotinoid kwiintwala zepesika-itapile phesheya.Inani elilinganiselweyo leesampuli ze-site zihlolwe kwi-GB minyaka yonke ukubeka iliso ekunciphiseni ukuvakalelwa kwabo kwi-acetamide, i-fluniamide kunye ne-spirotetramine.Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho bungqina bokunciphisa uvakalelo kwezi zinto zisebenzayo.
Inkxalabo yokuqala malunga nokuxhathisa kweentwala ze-cereal aphids kwi-pyrethroids inokulandelelwa emva ko-2011. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-cereal aphid echaphazeleka ngokupheleleyo, ubukho be-kdr mutation buqinisekisiwe kwaye kwaboniswa ukuba malunga namaxesha angama-40 ngaphezulu umsebenzi wawufuneka ukuze kubulawe ukuxhathisa.
Ubuchule baphuhliswa ukuze bakhusele iinguqu kwi-kdr kwi-aphids (ukusuka kuthungelwano lwesizwe lokubambisa amanzi).Ngo-2019, iisampulu zavavanywa kwimigibe emihlanu, kwaye kangange-30% yeentwala ezinolu tshintsho.
Nangona kunjalo, olu hlobo lovavanyo alukwazi ukunika ulwazi malunga nezinye iindlela zokuchasana.Ngenxa yoko, ngo-2020, inani elincinane (5) leisampulu ze-aphid eziziinkozo eziphilayo nazo ziye zaqokelelwa kumasimi okuziinkozo kwaye zavavanywa kwii-bioassays zaselabhoratri.Ukusukela ngo-2011, oku kubonisa ukuba amandla okumelana awonyukanga, kwaye kusenokubakho ukuxhathisa kdr kuphela kwiintwala zengqolowa.
Enyanisweni, ukusebenzisa izitshizi zepyrethroid ngokowona mlinganiselo uphakamileyo ocetyiswayo kufuneka kulawule iintwala eziziinkozo.Nangona kunjalo, impembelelo yazo kusasazo lwe-PVY ichaphazeleka ngakumbi kwixesha lokubhabha kunye nokuphindaphinda kweentwala eziziinkozo kunemeko yoxhathiso lwentwala.
Nangona kukho iingxelo zokuba i-cherry oat aphids evela eIreland icuthe ubuntununtunu kwi-pyrethroids, i-bioassays kwiisampulu ze-GB eziqala ngo-2020 (21) azibonisanga ubungqina bale ngxaki.
Okwangoku, i-pyrethroids kufuneka ikwazi ukulawula i-bird cherry oat aphids.Ezi ziindaba ezimnandi kubalimi beenkozo abaxhalabileyo nge-BYDV.I-BYDV yintsholongwane ethe gqolo ekulula ukuyilawula ngokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kune-PVY.
Umfanekiso wentwala yomngcunube awucaci kakuhle.Ngokukodwa, abaphandi abanalo idatha yembali malunga nokuchaphazeleka kwezinambuzane kwi-pyrethroids.Ngaphandle kwedatha kuhlobo olunovakalelo ngokupheleleyo lwentwala, akunakwenzeka ukubala uxhathiso (njengoko zisenza iintwala zengqolowa).Enye indlela kukusebenzisa i-equivalent field frequency ukuvavanya iintwala.Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iisampuli ezintandathu kuphela ziye zavavanywa ngale ndlela, kwaye izinga lokubulala liphakathi kwe-30% kunye ne-70%.Iisampulu ezininzi ziyafuneka ukuze ube nokuqonda okubanzi kwesi sitshabalalisi.
Inethiwekhi yokubamba etyheli ye-AHDB ibonelela ngolwazi lwendawo malunga neendiza ze-GB.Iziphumo zowama-2020 ziqaqambisa umahluko kwinani kunye neentlobo zentwala.
Iphepha leAphid kunye neVirus libonelela ngolwazi oluquka ubume boxhathiso kunye nolwazi lwenkqubo yokutshiza.
Ekugqibeleni, ishishini kufuneka lihambe kwindlela edibeneyo.Oku kubandakanya amanyathelo exesha elide, njengolawulo lwemithombo yokugonywa kwentsholongwane.Nangona kunjalo, oku kukwathetha ukusebenzisa ezinye iindlela ezizezinye, ezinjengokusetyenziswa kwezityalo ezahlukeneyo, i-mulch kunye ne-oyile yeminerali.Ezi ziphandwa kuthungelwano lwefama ye-AHDB ye-SPot, kwaye kuyathenjwa ukuba amalingo kunye neziphumo ziya kufumaneka ngo-2021 (kuxhomekeke kwinkqubela phambili yokulawula intsholongwane eyahluke ngokupheleleyo).