(Sai da magungunan kashe qwari, Satumba 24, 2020) Wani sabon rahoto daga Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin ƙasa ta Amurka (USGS) "Project Assessment Quality Assessment (NAWQA)" ya nuna cewa magungunan kashe qwari suna yadu a cikin koguna da koguna na Amurka, wanda kusan kashi 90% A. samfurin ruwa mai ɗauke da aƙalla magunguna biyar ko fiye daban-daban.Tun da bincike na Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙasa ta Amurka (USGS) a cikin 1998 ya nuna cewa magungunan kashe qwari sun yadu a duk hanyoyin ruwa a Amurka, gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta a cikin ruwa ya zama ruwan dare a cikin tarihi, kuma aƙalla ana iya gano magungunan kashe qwari.Dubban ton na maganin kashe kwari suna shiga kogunan Amurka da koguna daga wuraren noma da wadanda ba na noma ba, suna gurbata tushen ruwan sha kamar ruwan sama da ruwan karkashin kasa.Tare da karuwar adadin magungunan kashe qwari a cikin magudanar ruwa, yana da mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar halittun ruwa, musamman ma tasirin wasu magungunan kashe qwari tare da wasu magungunan kashe qwari don ƙara yawan wannan tasirin.Irin waɗannan rahotannin kayan aiki ne masu mahimmanci don ƙayyade matakan da suka dace don kare lafiyar ɗan adam, dabba da muhalli.USGS ta kammala da cewa "gano manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga guba na iya taimakawa inganta koguna da koguna don tallafawa ingancin rayuwar ruwa."
Ruwa shi ne mafi yawa kuma mafi mahimmancin sinadari a cikin ƙasa, mai mahimmanci ga rayuwa, kuma babban ɓangaren dukkan abubuwa masu rai.Kasa da kashi uku na ruwa mai dadi shine ruwa mai dadi, kuma kadan ne kawai na ruwa mai dadi shine ruwan kasa (30.1%) ko ruwan saman (0.3%) don amfani.Duk da haka, yadda ake amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a ko’ina na barazanar rage yawan ruwan da ake samu, domin zubar da qwari, da cikawa da zubar da shi yadda ya kamata, na iya gurvata magudanar ruwa da ke kusa, kamar koguna, koguna, koguna ko magudanan ruwa.Tunda koguna da rafuka suna da kashi 2% na ruwan saman, dole ne a kiyaye waɗannan halittu masu rauni daga lalacewa, gami da asarar nau'ikan halittun ruwa da raguwar ingancin ruwa.Masu binciken a cikin rahoton binciken sun ce, "[Babban manufar wannan binciken shine don bayyana halayen magungunan kashe qwari da aka samu a cikin samfuran ruwa na magudanar ruwa a Amurka tare da amfanin gona, ci gaba da gaurayewar ƙasa daga 2013 zuwa 2017" 2017 Bugu da kari, masu binciken suna da nufin fahimtar " yuwuwar cutarwar gaurayawan magungunan kashe qwari ga kwayoyin halittun ruwa, da kuma tantance abin da ya faru na yuwuwar abubuwan da ke haifar da guba na cakuda."
Don tantance ingancin ruwa na kasa, masu bincike sun tattara samfuran ruwa daga wuraren da aka samo asali a cikin kwandon da cibiyar kula da ingancin ruwa ta kasa (NWQN) -Rivers and Streams suka kafa a 1992. Wadannan nau'ikan filayen sun dogara ne akan nau'ikan amfanin ƙasa (noma, haɓakawa) birni da gauraye).Daga 2013 zuwa 2017, masu bincike sun tattara samfuran ruwa daga kowane wurin rafi a kowane wata.A cikin 'yan watanni, kamar yadda a lokacin damina, yayin da yawan adadin magungunan kashe qwari ya karu, yawan tarin zai karu.Masu bincike sun yi amfani da tandem mass spectrometry haɗe tare da chromatography ruwa na allurar kai tsaye don tantance matakan magungunan kashe qwari a cikin samfuran ruwa don nazarin jimillar magungunan kashe qwari guda 221 a cikin samfuran ruwa da aka tace (0.7μm) a cikin Laboratory Quality Water na USGS.Don tantance guba na magungunan kashe qwari, masu bincike suna amfani da ƙimar cutar sexicity ga ƙungiyoyi masu rarrabuwa guda uku) da kuma ƙwayoyin cuta na birnin Bilates.Rarraba makin PTI ya haɗa da matakai uku don wakiltar kimanin matakin gwajin da aka annabta: ƙananan (PTI≥0.1), na yau da kullun (0.1 1).
An gano cewa a cikin lokacin 2013-2017, aƙalla magungunan kashe kwari biyar ko fiye sun kasance a cikin kashi 88% na samfuran ruwa daga wuraren samfurin NWQN.Kashi 2.2% na samfuran ruwan ba su wuce matakin da ake iya ganowa na tattara magungunan kashe qwari ba.A cikin kowane mahalli, matsakaicin abin da ke cikin magungunan kashe qwari a cikin samfuran ruwa na kowane nau'in amfanin ƙasa shine mafi girma, magungunan kashe qwari 24 a wuraren aikin gona, da magungunan kashe qwari guda 7 a gauraye (noma da ci gaban ƙasa), mafi ƙanƙanta.Wuraren da aka haɓaka suna tsakiyar tsakiya, kuma kowane samfurin ruwa yana tara nau'ikan magungunan kashe qwari guda 18.Magungunan kashe qwari a cikin samfuran ruwa suna da yuwuwar matsananciyar guba zuwa na yau da kullun ga invertebrates na ruwa, da kuma cutar da kifaye na yau da kullun.Daga cikin mahaɗan magungunan kashe qwari guda 221 da aka bincika, 17 (magungunan qwari 13, magungunan kashe qwari 2, fungicides 1 da 1 synergist) sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da guba a cikin Taxonomy na Ruwa.Bisa ga nazarin PTI, wani fili na magungunan kashe qwari yana ba da gudummawa fiye da 50% ga yawan guba na samfurin, yayin da sauran magungunan kashe qwari na yanzu suna ba da gudummawa kaɗan ga mai guba.Ga cladocerans, manyan magungunan kashe qwari da ke haifar da guba sune magungunan kwari bifenthrin, carbaryl, rif mai guba, diazinon, dichlorvos, dichlorvos, tridifenuron, fluphthalamide, da tebupirine phosphorus.The herbicide attriazine da kwari bifenthrin, carbaryl, carbofuran, mai guba rif, diazinon, dichlorvos, fipronil, imidacloprid da methamidophos ne m magungunan kashe qwari zuwa benthic invertebrates Babban direban mai guba.Magungunan kashe qwari da ke da babban tasiri akan kifin sun haɗa da acetochlor na herbicide, da fungicide to degrade carbendazim, da synergistic piperonyl butoxide.
Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka (USGS) ta wuce Ƙididdigar Ƙwararrun Ruwa ta Ƙasa ("Bincika abubuwan da suka faru da halayen magungunan kashe qwari a cikin rafuka, tabkuna da ruwan karkashin kasa da yuwuwar magungunan kashe qwari don gurɓata ruwan sha ko lalata muhallin ruwa") (NAWQA) rahoton. .Rahotanni na USGS da suka gabata sun nuna cewa magungunan kashe qwari suna ko'ina a cikin yanayin ruwa kuma sune gurɓatawar gama gari a cikin yanayin muhallin ruwa.A Amurka, ana iya gano da yawa daga cikin magungunan kashe qwari da aka fi amfani da su a cikin ruwan saman da ruwan ƙasa, waɗanda su ne tushen ruwan sha ga rabin al'ummar Amurka.Bugu da kari, koguna da rafukan da magungunan kashe kwari suka gurbata na iya fitar da najasa zuwa cikin tekuna da tafkuna irin su Great Barrier Reef (GBR).Daga cikin su, 99.8% na samfuran GBR an haɗe su da magunguna daban-daban fiye da 20.Duk da haka, waɗannan sinadarai ba wai kawai suna da illa ga lafiyar jiki a kan halittun ruwa ba, har ma suna da illa ga lafiyar jiki ga halittun ƙasa waɗanda suka dogara da ruwan sama ko kuma ruwan ƙasa.Yawancin waɗannan sinadarai na iya haifar da cututtuka na endocrin, lahani na haihuwa, neurotoxicity da ciwon daji a cikin mutane da dabbobi, kuma yawancinsu suna da guba sosai ga kwayoyin ruwa.Bugu da kari, binciken ingancin ruwa yakan bayyana kasancewar sinadarin kashe kwari fiye da daya a cikin magudanar ruwa da kuma yuwuwar cutar da rayuwar ruwa.Duk da haka, ba USGS-NAWQA ko EPA's kimantan hadarin ruwa da ke tantance yuwuwar hadurran magungunan kashe qwari ga muhallin ruwa.
Gurbacewar magungunan kashe qwari a sama da ruwan qasa ya haifar da wata matsala, wato rashin sa ido da ka’idoji masu inganci a hanyoyin ruwa, da hana magungunan qwari taru a magudanar ruwa.Daya daga cikin hanyoyin Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) don kare lafiyar dan adam da muhalli ita ce sarrafa magungunan kashe qwari bisa ga dokar FIFRA ta tarayya da kuma kare muhalli kuma bisa tanadin dokar gurɓacewar ruwa mai tsafta. na batu kafofin a waterways.Duk da haka, koma bayan da EPA ta yi na kwanan nan na ka'idojin hanyoyin ruwa ba shi da ɗan tasiri kan kare lafiyar halittun ruwa, kuma nau'in ruwa da na ƙasa (ciki har da mutane) suna buƙatar yin hakan.A baya can, USGS-NAWQA sun soki EPA saboda rashin kafa isassun ma'aunin ingancin ruwan kwaro.A cewar NAWQA, "Ka'idoji da ka'idoji na yanzu ba su kawar da haɗarin da magungunan kashe qwari ke haifarwa a cikin magudanar ruwa ba saboda: (1) ba a tantance ƙimar magungunan kashe qwari da yawa ba, (2) gauraye da samfuran lalata ba a yi la'akari da su ba, da (3) ) ba a tantance yanayin yanayi ba.Babban taro na fallasa, da (4) ba a tantance wasu nau'ikan tasirin tasirin ba, kamar rushewar endocrin da martani na musamman na mutane masu hankali.
Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa magungunan kashe kwari 17 daban-daban ne ke haifar da guba a cikin ruwa.Magungunan kwari na Organophosphate suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin guba na Cladran na yau da kullun, yayin da kwarin imidacloprid ke haifar da guba na yau da kullun ga invertebrates na benthic.Organophosphates wani nau'in maganin kashe kwari ne wanda ke da mummunan tasiri ga tsarin juyayi, kuma yanayin aikin su iri ɗaya ne da na magungunan jijiya a yakin sinadarai.Bayyanar maganin kwari na imidacloprid na iya yin illa ga tsarin haihuwa kuma yana da guba sosai ga nau'ikan ruwa daban-daban.Ko da yake dichlorvos, bifenthrin da methamidophos ba safai suke samuwa a cikin samfuran, lokacin da waɗannan sinadarai ke nan, sun zarce maƙasudin na yau da kullun da matsananciyar guba ga invertebrates na ruwa.Duk da haka, masu binciken sun nuna cewa indexity index na iya yin la'akari da yiwuwar tasiri a kan kwayoyin ruwa, saboda binciken da aka yi a baya ya gano cewa "samfurin madaidaicin mako-mako sau da yawa yakan rasa ɗan gajeren lokaci, yiwuwar kololuwa mai guba a cikin magungunan kashe qwari".
Invertebrates na ruwa, ciki har da benthic organisms da cladocerans, wani muhimmin bangare ne na gidan yanar gizon abinci, suna cinye abinci mai yawa a cikin ruwa, kuma su ne tushen abinci ga manyan masu cin nama.Duk da haka, tasirin gurɓataccen magungunan kashe qwari a cikin magudanar ruwa na iya yin tasiri a ƙasa zuwa sama a kan invertebrates na ruwa, yana kashe invertebrates masu amfani waɗanda tsarin juyayi yayi kama da manufa na kwari na ƙasa.Bugu da kari, da yawa benthic invertebrates su ne tsutsa na terrestrial kwari.Ba wai kawai alamun ingancin hanyoyin ruwa da bambancin halittu ba ne, har ma suna ba da sabis na tsarin halittu daban-daban kamar ruwa-ruwa, ruɓewa da abinci mai gina jiki.Dole ne a daidaita shigar da magungunan kashe qwari don rage tasirin magungunan kashe qwari a cikin koguna da rafuka a kan halittun ruwa, musamman a wuraren da aka fi amfani da kayan aikin gona.
Rahoton ya nuna cewa yawan magungunan kashe qwari a cikin samfurin ya bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri a kowace shekara, inda ƙasar noma ke amfani da mafi yawan magungunan kashe qwari, da suka haɗa da maganin ciyawa, magungunan kashe qwari da kayan gwari, da kuma kwararar masu yawa daga watan Mayu zuwa Yuli.Saboda yawan ƙasar noma, magungunan kashe qwari na tsaka-tsaki a cikin kowane samfurin ruwa a yankunan tsakiya da kudanci sune mafi girma.Wadannan binciken sun yi daidai da nazarce-nazarcen da aka yi a baya da ke nuni da cewa hanyoyin ruwa da ke kusa da wuraren noma suna da yawan gurbatar yanayi, musamman a lokacin bazara, lokacin da kwararar kayan amfanin gona ke yaduwa.A cikin Fabrairun 2020, Binciken Yanayin ƙasa na Amurka ya ba da rahoton aikin Samfurin Haɗin gwiwar Gwari a hanyoyin Ruwa (EPA ta gudanar).An gano magungunan kashe kwari 141 a cikin koguna 7 a tsakiyar Yamma sannan an gano magungunan kashe kwari 73 a cikin koguna 7 a kudu maso gabas.Gwamnatin Trump ta yi watsi da bukatar kamfanin Syngenta-ChemChina na kasa da kasa na ci gaba da sa ido kan kasancewar maganin ciyawa a magudanan ruwa na Midwest nan da shekarar 2020. Bugu da kari, gwamnatin Trump ta maye gurbin dokokin a cikin 2015 WOTUS “Kariyar Ruwa na Navigable. Dokoki”, wadanda za su yi matukar raunana kariyar magudanar ruwa da dausayi da dama a Amurka, da kuma yin watsi da gurbacewar yanayi daban-daban da ke barazana ga magudanar ruwa.Haramcin ayyuka.Yayin da tasirin sauyin yanayi ke karuwa, ruwan sama yana karuwa, zubar da ruwa yana karuwa, sannan kankara ta narke, wanda ya kai ga kama maganin kashe kwari na gargajiya da ba a samar da su.Rashin kulawa da magungunan kashe qwari na musamman zai haifar da tarawa da haɗin gwiwar sinadarai masu guba a cikin yanayin ruwa., Ƙarin gurɓatattun hanyoyin ruwa.
Kamata ya yi a daina amfani da magungunan kashe qwari sannan a kawar da su a qarshe domin kare magudanan ruwa na qasar nan da duniya baki xaya da kuma rage yawan maganin qwari da ke shiga ruwan sha.Bugu da ƙari, baya ga magungunan kashe qwari, gwamnatin tarayya ta daɗe tana ba da shawarar ƙa'idodin tarayya na kariya waɗanda ke yin la'akari da yuwuwar barazanar haɗin gwiwa na gaurayawan magungunan kashe qwari (ko samfuran da aka ƙirƙira ko ainihin magungunan kashe qwari a cikin muhalli) ga halittu da halittu.Abin takaici, ƙa'idodin gudanarwa na yanzu sun kasa yin la'akari da yanayin gaba ɗaya, ƙirƙirar wuri makaho wanda ke iyakance ikonmu don yin manyan canje-canje waɗanda za su iya inganta lafiyar muhalli da gaske.Koyaya, haɓaka manufofin gyara magungunan kashe qwari na gida da na jihohi na iya kare ku da danginku daga gurɓataccen ruwan gwari.Bugu da ƙari, tsarin kwayoyin halitta / sabuntawa na iya ceton ruwa, inganta haɓakar haihuwa, rage zubar da ruwa da zazzagewa, rage buƙatar abinci mai gina jiki, kuma zai iya kawar da sinadarai masu guba da ke barazana ga yawancin al'amuran rayuwar ɗan adam da muhalli, ciki har da albarkatun ruwa.Don ƙarin bayani game da gurɓatar magungunan kashe qwari a cikin ruwa, da fatan za a duba shafin shirin “Ruwan Barazana” da kuma “Labarai Bayan Magungunan Gwari” “Magungunan qwari a cikin ruwan sha na?”Matakan kariya na sirri da ayyukan al'umma.Fada wa Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka cewa dole ne ta yi aiki tukuru don kare lafiya da muhalli.
An buga wannan shigarwar da ƙarfe 12:01 na safe ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2020 (Alhamis) kuma an rarraba ta ƙarƙashin Ƙungiyoyin Ruwa, Gurɓatawa, Imidacloprid, Organophosphate, Cakudar Kwari, Ruwa.Kuna iya bin kowane martani ga wannan shigarwa ta hanyar ciyarwar RSS 2.0.Kuna iya tsallakewa zuwa ƙarshe kuma ku bar amsa.A halin yanzu ba a yarda da Ping ba.
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