(Ngaphandle kwezibulali zinambuzane, nge-24 kaSeptemba 2020) Ingxelo entsha evela kwi-United States Geological Survey (USGS) "iProjekthi yeSizwe yoVavanyo loMgangatho waManzi (NAWQA)" ibonisa ukuba izitshabalalisi zisasazwe ngokubanzi kwimilambo kunye nemisinga yaseMelika, apho phantse i-90% A. isampulu yamanzi equlathe ubuncinane amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi amahlanu okanye ngaphezulu awohlukeneyo.Ekubeni uhlalutyo lwe-United States Geological Survey (USGS) ngowe-1998 lwabonisa ukuba izitshabalalisi zixhaphakile kuzo zonke iindlela zamanzi eUnited States, ungcoliseko lwezibulali-zinambuzane kwimijelo yamanzi luxhaphakile embalini, yaye ubuncinane isibulali-zinambuzane esinye sinokubonwa.Amawaka eetoni zezibulali-zinambuzane zingena kwimilambo yaseMelika kunye nemilambo evela kwimithombo yezolimo nengeyiyo eyezolimo, ingcolisa imithombo yamanzi okusela asisiseko njengamanzi angaphezulu kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba.Ngokunyuka kwenani le-pesticides emanzini, kunefuthe elibi kwimpilo ye-ecosystems yasemanzini, ngakumbi impembelelo ye-synergistic ye-pesticides kunye nezinye izitshabalalisi ukunyusa ubunzima beli siphumo.Iingxelo ezinjalo zisisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokumisela izenzo ezifanelekileyo zokulawula ukukhusela impilo yabantu, izilwanyana kunye nokusingqongileyo.I-USGS yagqiba kwelokuba "ukuchonga abaxhasi abakhulu kwityhefu kunokunceda ukuphucula imilambo kunye nemilambo ukuxhasa umgangatho wobomi basemanzini."
Amanzi ngowona mxube uxhaphakileyo nobalulekileyo emhlabeni, abalulekile ukuze umntu aphile, kunye nenxalenye ephambili yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo.Ngaphantsi kweepesenti ezintathu zamanzi ahlaziyekileyo ngamanzi acocekileyo, kwaye inxalenye encinci yamanzi ahlaziyekileyo ingamanzi aphantsi komhlaba (30.1%) okanye amanzi angaphezulu (0.3%) asetyenziswayo.Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwendawo yonke yezibulali-zinambuzane kusongela ukunciphisa ubuninzi bamanzi ahlambulukileyo akhoyo, ngenxa yokuba ukuqengqeleka kwezibulali-zinambuzane, ukuzaliswa kunye nokulahlwa ngendlela engafanelekanga kunokungcolisa imijelo yamanzi ekufuphi, njengemilambo, imilambo, amachibi okanye iindawo ezingaphantsi komhlaba.Njengoko imilambo nemisinga ithatha i-2% kuphela yamanzi aphezu komhlaba, le mixokomelwano yendalo eethe-ethe kufuneka ikhuselwe ekonakalisweni ngakumbi, kuquka ilahleko yeentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo eziphila emanzini kunye nokuhla komgangatho/ukuselwa kwamanzi.Abaphandi kwingxelo yophando bathi, "[Injongo ephambili yolu phando kukubonakalisa iimpawu zemixube ye-pesticide efunyenwe kwiisampulu zamanzi zamanzi e-United States kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba wezolimo, ophuhlisiwe kunye nomxube ukusuka kwi-2013 ukuya kwi-2017" ( I-2017 Ukongeza, abaphandi bajolise ekuqondeni "ityhefu enokubakho yemixube ye-pesticide kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, kunye nokuvavanya ukwenzeka kwezinto ezinokuqhuba ubutyhefu bomxube."
Ukuze kuhlolwe umgangatho wamanzi esizwe, abaphandi baqokelele iisampulu zamanzi kwiindawo zesampulu kwisitya esekwe yiNational Water Quality Network (NWQN)-Rivers and Streams ngo-1992. Ezi ntlobo zomhlaba zisekelwe kwiintlobo zokusetyenziswa komhlaba (ezolimo, eziphuhlisiwe / edolophini kwaye ixubene).Ukususela kwi-2013 ukuya kwi-2017, abaphandi baqokelela iisampulu zamanzi kwindawo nganye yomlambo womlambo rhoqo ngenyanga.Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa, njengakwixesha lemvula, njengoko isixa se-pesticide ikhula, ukuphindaphinda kokuqokelela kuya kwanda.Abaphandi basebenzise i-tandem mass spectrometry edityaniswe ne-chromatography yesitofu samanzi ngokuthe ngqo ukuvavanya amanqanaba okubulala izitshabalalisi kwiisampulu zamanzi ukuhlalutya iyonke yama-221 eekhompawundi zesibulali-zinambuzane kwiisampulu zamanzi ezihluzwayo (0.7μm) kwiLebhu yeSizwe yoMgangatho waManzi ye-USGS.Ukuze kuhlolwe ubutyhefu be-pesticides, abaphandi basebenzise i-Pesticide Toxicity Index (PTI) ukulinganisa ubutyhefu obunokubakho bemixube ye-pesticide kumaqela amathathu okuhlelwa-intlanzi, i-cladocerans (ama-crustaceans amancinci ahlambulukileyo) kunye ne-benthic invertebrates.Ukuhlelwa kwamanqaku e-PTI kubandakanya amanqanaba amathathu ukumela inqanaba lokuhlola elisondeleyo letyhefu eqikelelweyo: ephantsi (PTI≥0.1), engapheliyo (0.1 1).
Kwafunyaniswa ukuba ngexesha le-2013-2017, ubuncinane ii-pesticides ezintlanu okanye ngaphezulu zazikho kwi-88% yeesampuli zamanzi ezivela kwiisampuli ze-NWQN.Kuphela yi-2.2% yeesampulu zamanzi ezingazange zigqithise inqanaba elibonakalayo lokuxinwa kwe-pesticide.Kwimekobume nganye, isiqulatho semichiza ephakathi kwiisampulu zamanzi zohlobo ngalunye lokusetyenziswa komhlaba yayiyeyona iphakamileyo, izibulali-zinambuzane ezingama-24 kwindawo yezolimo, kunye nezisi-7 zokubulala izitshabalalisi kwimixube (umhlaba wezolimo nophuhlisiwe), uphantsi.Iindawo eziphuhlisiwe zimi embindini, kwaye isampulu nganye yamanzi iqokelela iindidi ezili-18 zezibulali-zinambuzane.Amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kwiisampulu zamanzi anokubakho kwityhefu engapheliyo kwizilwanyana ezingenamqolo zasemanzini, kunye netyhefu engapheliyo kwiintlanzi.Phakathi kwe-221 ye-pesticide compounds ehlalutyiweyo, i-17 (i-13 ye-insecticide, i-2 ye-herbicides, i-1 fungicide kunye ne-1 synergist) abaqhubi abakhulu betyhefu kwi-Aquatic Taxonomy.Ngokohlalutyo lwe-PTI, ikhompawundi ye-pesticide inegalelo elingaphezulu kwe-50% kwityhefu yesampulu, ngelixa ezinye izitshabalalisi zangoku zinegalelo elincinci kwityhefu.Kwi-cladocerans, iikhompawundi eziphambili ze-pesticide ezibangela ubuthi yi-insecticide bifenthrin, carbaryl, toxic rif, diazinon, dichlorvos, dichlorvos, tridifenuron, fluphthalamide, kunye ne-tebupirine phosphorus.I-attriazine ye-herbicide i-attriazine kunye ne-insecticide i-bifenthrin, i-carbaryl, i-carbofuran, i-rif enetyhefu, i-diazinon, i-dichlorvos, i-fipronil, i-imidacloprid kunye ne-methamidophos yizibulala-zinambuzane ezinokuthi zibe khona kwi-benthic invertebrates Umqhubi oyintloko wetyhefu.Amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi anempembelelo enkulu kwiintlanzi aquka umchiza wokutshabalalisa ukhula i-acetochlor, isichiza sokungunda sokuthoba i-carbendazim, kunye ne-synergistic piperonyl butoxide.
I-United States Geological Survey (USGS) iphumelele uVavanyo loMgangatho waManzi kaZwelonke ("Ukuvavanya ukwenzeka kunye nokuziphatha kwezibulali zinambuzane kwimilambo, amachibi kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba kunye nokubanakho kwezibulali zinambuzane ukungcolisa unikezelo lwethu lwamanzi okusela okanye ukonakalisa indalo yasemanzini") (NAWQA) ingxelo .Iingxelo zangaphambili ze-USGS zibonisa ukuba izibulali-zinambuzane zikho kuyo yonke indawo kwindawo yasemanzini kwaye zizingcolisi eziqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezihlala emanzini acwengileyo.EUnited States, uninzi lwezona zibulali-zinambuzane zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zinokubonwa kumanzi angaphezulu nakumanzi aphantsi komhlaba, wona angumthombo wamanzi okusela kwisiqingatha sabemi baseMerika.Ukongeza, imilambo kunye nemilambo engcoliswe sisibulali-zinambuzane inokukhupha ilindle kwiilwandlekazi kunye namachweba afana neGreat Barrier Reef (GBR).Phakathi kwazo, i-99.8% yeesampulu ze-GBR zixutywe kunye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezingaphezu kwama-20 ezahlukeneyo.Nangona kunjalo, ezi khemikhali azinaziphumo eziyingozi kwimpilo kuphela kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, kodwa zineziphumo ezibi kwimpilo kwizinto eziphilayo ezisemhlabeni ezixhomekeke kumanzi angaphezulu okanye amanzi aphantsi komhlaba.Uninzi lwezi khemikhali zinokubangela ukuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine, iziphene zokuzala, i-neurotoxicity kunye nomhlaza ebantwini nakwizilwanyana, kwaye uninzi lwazo luyityhefu kakhulu kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.Ukongeza, uphononongo lomgangatho wamanzi luhlala lubonisa ubukho bekhompawundi yesibulali-zinambuzane esingaphezulu kwesinye kumlambo kunye netyhefu enokubakho kubomi baselwandle.Nangona kunjalo, i-USGS-NAWQA okanye i-EPA yovavanyo lomngcipheko wasemanzini aluvavanyi iingozi ezinokubakho zemixube yezibulali-zinambuzane kwindawo yasemanzini.
Ungcoliseko lwezibulali-zinambuzane kumphezulu kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba luye lwabangela enye ingxaki, oko kukuthi, ukungabikho kwendlela esebenza kakuhle yokubeka iliso kwindlela yamanzi kunye nemimiselo, ukuthintela izibulali-zinambuzane ekuqokeleleni emanzini.Enye yeendlela ze-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US (i-EPA) ukukhusela impilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo kukulawula izitshabalalisi ngokuhambelana ne-Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, kunye neRodenticide Act (FIFRA) kwaye ngokuhambelana namalungiselelo oMthetho waManzi acocekileyo. kwimithombo yamanzi.Nangona kunjalo, ukubuyisela umva kwe-EPA mva nje kwemigaqo yeendlela zamanzi kunefuthe elincinane ekukhuseleni impilo yezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, kunye neentlobo zezilwanyana zaselwandle nezasemhlabeni (kubandakanywa nabantu) kufuneka zenze njalo.Ngaphambili, i-USGS-NAWQA yayigxeka i-EPA ngokungaseka imigangatho eyaneleyo yobulunga bamanzi yezibulali-zinambuzane.Ngokutsho kwe-NAWQA, "Imigangatho yangoku kunye nezikhokelo azipheli ngokupheleleyo iingozi ezibangelwa yi-pesticides kwimijelo yamanzi ngenxa yokuba: (1) ixabiso lezilwanyana ezininzi zokubulala izinambuzane azizange zinqunywe, (2) imixube kunye neemveliso zokubola azizange ziqwalaselwe, kwaye (3) ) ixesha lonyaka alukavavanywa.Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-exposure, kunye (4) iintlobo ezithile zeempembelelo ezinokuthi zihlolwe, ezifana nokuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine kunye neempendulo ezikhethekileyo zabantu abanobucayi.
Iziphumo zophononongo zibonisa ukuba izitshabalalisi ezili-17 ezahlukeneyo zezona ziqhuba ubutyhefu basemanzini.Izitshabalalisi ze-Organophosphate zidlala indima enkulu kwityhefu engapheliyo ye-Cladran, ngelixa izibulala-zinambuzane ze-imidacloprid zibangela ubutyhefu obungapheliyo kwi-benthic invertebrates.I-Organophosphates yiklasi ye-insecticide enefuthe elibi kwinkqubo ye-nervous, kwaye indlela yabo yokusebenza ifana ne-nerve agents kwi-chemical warfare.Ukuvezwa kwezinambuzane ze-imidacloprid kunokuchaphazela kakubi inkqubo yokuzala kwaye inetyhefu kakhulu kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zasemanzini.Nangona i-dichlorvos, i-bifenthrin kunye ne-methamidophos zinqabile kwiisampuli, xa ezi khemikhali zikhoyo, zidlula imingcele engapheliyo kunye ne-acute toxicity ye-invertebrates zasemanzini.Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi babonise ukuba isalathisi setyhefu sinokuyijongela phantsi impembelelo enokubakho kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, kuba izifundo ezidlulileyo zifumene ukuba "iisampulu ezicacileyo zeveki zihlala ziphosakele ixesha elifutshane, iincopho ezinokuthi zibe yingozi kwi-pesticides".
Ama-invertebrates asemanzini, kuquka i-benthic organisms kunye ne-cladocerans, yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yewebhu yokutya, idla izondlo ezininzi emanzini, kwaye zikwangumthombo wokutya wezilwanyana ezinkulu ezidliwayo.Nangona kunjalo, impembelelo yongcoliseko lwe-pesticide emanzini inokuba nefuthe elisezantsi-phezulu kwi-invertebrates yasemanzini, ukubulala i-invertebrates enenzuzo enenkqubo ye-nervous ifana nenjongo yezinambuzane zomhlaba.Ukongezelela, ezininzi izilwanyana ezingenamqolo ze-benthic ziyimibungu yezinambuzane ezisemhlabeni.Ayizozalathisi kuphela zomgangatho wendlela yamanzi kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kodwa zikwabonelela ngeenkonzo ezahlukeneyo ze-ikhosistim ezifana nokunkcenkceshela ngebhayoloji, ukubola kunye nesondlo.Igalelo lemichiza yokutshabalalisa izinambuzane kufuneka lihlengahlengiswe ukuze kuncitshiswe impembelelo yezitshabalalisi ezinokuba yingozi kwimilambo kunye nemisinga kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, ngakumbi kwiindawo apho agrochemicals asetyenziswa kakhulu.
Ingxelo ibonisa ukuba inani lamayeza okubulala izinambuzane kwisampulu liyahluka ukusuka kwindawo ukuya kwindawo minyaka yonke, kunye nomhlaba wezolimo usebenzisa inani eliphezulu lezibulali-zinambuzane, kubandakanywa i-herbicides, i-insecticide kunye ne-fungicides, kunye nokunyuka okukhulu ukusuka ngoMeyi ukuya kuJulayi.Ngenxa yobuninzi bomhlaba wezolimo, i-pesticides ephakathi kwisampuli nganye yamanzi kwimimandla ephakathi kunye neyomzantsi yizona ziphezulu.Ezi ziphumo zihambelana nezifundo zangaphambili ezibonisa ukuba imithombo yamanzi kufuphi nemimandla yezolimo ithande ukuba namazinga aphezulu ongcoliseko, ngakumbi entwasahlobo, xa i-agrochemicals runff ixhaphake kakhulu.NgoFebruwari 2020, i-US Geological Survey yanika ingxelo ngeProjekthi yeNtsebenziswano yePesticide Cooperative Sampling in Waterways (eqhutywa yi-EPA).I-pesticides ye-141 yafunyanwa kwimilambo ye-7 eMidwest kunye ne-73 ye-pesticides yafunyanwa kwi-7 imilambo kumzantsi-mpuma.Ulawulo lweTrump luye lwalahla imfuno yenkampani yeekhemikhali zamazwe ngamazwe i-Syngenta-ChemChina ukuqhubeka nokubeka iliso ubukho be-herbicides emanzini aseMidwest ngo-2020. Ukongezelela, ulawulo lweTrump luthathe indawo yemithetho kwi-WOTUS ye-2015 "I-Navigable Waters Protection. Imithetho”, eya kwenza buthathaka kakhulu ukukhuselwa kweendlela ezininzi zamanzi kunye nemigxobhozo e-United States, kunye nokushiya iingozi ezahlukeneyo zongcoliseko ezisongela iindlela zamanzi.Ukuthintelwa kwemisebenzi.Njengoko impembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu isanda, imvula iyanda, ukuqengqeleka kwamanzi kuyanda, kwaye umkhenkce womkhenkce uyanyibilika, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubanjweni kwezibulali-zinambuzane zesintu ezingasaveliswayo.Ukunqongophala koqwalaselo olukhethekileyo lwezitshabalalisi kuya kukhokelela ekuqokeleleni nasekusebenzeni kwemichiza eyityhefu kwindawo ehlala emanzini., Eminye imithombo yamanzi engcolisa ngakumbi.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kufuneka kupheliswe kwaye ekugqibeleni kupheliswe ukukhusela imijelo yamanzi yelizwe kunye nehlabathi kunye nokunciphisa inani lezinambuzane ezingena emanzini okusela.Ukongeza, ukongeza kwimichiza yokubulala izinambuzane, urhulumente wobumbano kudala ekhuthaza imimiselo yomanyano ekhuselayo ethathela ingqalelo izoyikiso ezinokubakho ze-synergistic zemixube yezitshabalalisi (nokuba ziimveliso ezenziweyo okanye izibulali-zinambuzane zokwenyani kwindalo esingqongileyo) kwi-ecosystem kunye nezinto eziphilayo.Ngelishwa, imimiselo yolawulo yangoku iyasilela ukuqwalasela imeko-bume iyonke, idala indawo eyimfama ethintela amandla ethu okwenza utshintsho olubanzi olunokuphucula ngokwenene impilo ye-ecosystem.Nangona kunjalo, ukukhuthaza imigaqo-nkqubo yohlaziyo lwezitshabalalisi zasekhaya nekarhulumente kunokukhusela wena nosapho lwakho kumanzi angcoliswe ngamayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi.Ukongezelela, iinkqubo eziphilayo / ezihlaziyiweyo zinokugcina amanzi, zikhuthaze ukuzala, ukunciphisa ukuhamba kwamanzi kunye nokukhukuliseka komhlaba, ukunciphisa imfuno yezondlo, kwaye kunokuphelisa iikhemikhali ezinobuthi ezisongela iinkalo ezininzi zobomi bomntu kunye ne-ecosystem, kubandakanywa nemithombo yamanzi.Ukufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nokungcoliseka kwezitshabalalisi emanzini, nceda ujonge kwiphepha lenkqubo ethi "Amanzi Asoyikiso" kunye "Amanqaku Angaphaya Kwezibulali-zinambuzane" "Izitshabalalisi emanzini am okusela?"Amanyathelo okuthintela umntu kunye nezenzo zoluntu.Xelela i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US ukuba kufuneka isebenze nzima ukukhusela impilo kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Olu ngeniso lufakwe ngo-12:01 AM ngoSeptemba 24, 2020 (Lwesine) kwaye luhlelwa phantsi kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, ukungcola, i-Imidacloprid, i-Organophosphate, iMixube yePesticide, Amanzi.Uyakwazi ukulandelela nayiphi na impendulo kolu ngeno ngokusebenzisa RSS 2.0 feed.Ungatsiba ukuya ekupheleni kwaye ushiye impendulo.I-ping ayivumelekanga ngoku.
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