(Ntle le chefo e bolaeang likokonyana, Loetse 24, 2020) Tlaleho e ncha e tsoang ho United States Geological Survey (USGS) “National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project” e bontša hore chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e ajoa haholo linokeng le melatsoaneng ea Amerika, eo hoo e batlang e le 90% A. sampole ea metsi e nang le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana bonyane e mehlano kapa ho feta.Kaha tlhahlobo ea United States Geological Survey (USGS) ka 1998 e bontšitse hore chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e atile litseleng tsohle tsa metsi United States, tšilafalo ea chefo e litseleng tsa metsi e tloaelehile historing, ’me bonyane ho ka bonoa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e le ’ngoe.Lithane tse likete tsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana li kena linōkeng tsa Amerika le melapong e tsoang mehloling ea temo le eo e seng ea temo, e silafatsa mehloli ea metsi a nooang e kang metsi a holim'a metsi le metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše.Ka keketseho ea bongata ba chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana litseleng tsa metsi, e na le phello e mpe ho bophelo bo botle ba tikoloho ea metsing, haholo-holo phello ea synergistic ea chefo e itseng e bolaeang likokoanyana le tse ling tse bolaeang likokoanyana ho eketsa matla a phello ena.Litlaleho tse joalo ke sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho tseba mehato e nepahetseng ea taolo ho sireletsa bophelo bo botle ba batho, liphoofolo le tikoloho.USGS e ile ea etsa qeto ea hore "ho tseba lintho tse tlatsetsang ho chefo ho ka thusa ho ntlafatsa linōka le melapo ho tšehetsa boleng ba bophelo ba metsing."
Metsi ke motsoako o mongata le oa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng, a bohlokoa bakeng sa ho phela, hape ke karolo e ka sehloohong ea lintho tsohle tse phelang.Ka tlase ho karolo ea boraro lekholong ea metsi a hloekileng ke metsi a hloekileng, 'me karolo e nyenyane feela ea metsi a hloekileng ke metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše (30.1%) kapa metsi a holim'a metsi (0.3%) a sebelisoang.Leha ho le joalo, tšebeliso e teng hohle ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e sokela ho fokotsa metsi a hloekileng a teng, hobane ho phalla ha chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, ho tlatsoa hape le ho lahloa ka tsela e sa lokelang ho ka silafatsa litsela tsa metsi tse haufi, tse kang linōka, melapo, matša kapa libaka tsa metsi tse ka tlas’a lefatše.Kaha linōka le melapo li na le karolo ea 2% feela ea metsi a holim'a metsi, lihloliloeng tsena tse senyehang habonolo li tlameha ho sireletsoa hore li se ke tsa senyeha, ho kenyeletsoa tahlehelo ea mefuta-futa ea lintho tse phelang metsing le ho theoha ha boleng ba metsi.Bafuputsi tlalehong ea lipatlisiso ba itse, "[Morero o ka sehloohong oa lipatlisiso tsena ke ho khetholla litšobotsi tsa metsoako ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e fumanoang lisampong tsa metsi tsa libaka tsa metsi United States ka tšebeliso ea mobu ea temo, e tsoetseng pele le e tsoakiloeng ho tloha 2013 ho ea ho 2017" ( 2017 Ho feta moo, bafuputsi ba ikemiselitse ho utloisisa "chefo e ka bang teng ea metsoako ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana tse phelang metsing, le ho lekola ho ba teng ha lintho tse ka bakang chefo ea motsoako ona."
E le ho hlahloba boleng ba metsi a naha, bafuputsi ba ile ba bokella lisampole tsa metsi ho tloha lintlheng tsa lisampole sebakeng se thehiloeng ke National Water Quality Network (NWQN)-Rivers and Streams ka 1992. Mefuta ena ea mobu e itšetlehile ka mefuta ea ts'ebeliso ea mobu (ea temo, e tsoetseng pele/ toropo le motsoako).Ho tloha 2013 ho isa 2017, bafuputsi ba ile ba bokella lisampole tsa metsi sebakeng se seng le se seng sa libaka tsa noka khoeli le khoeli.Nakong ea likhoeli tse 'maloa, joalo ka nakong ea lipula, ha palo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e ntse e eketseha, nako ea ho bokella e tla eketseha.Bafuputsi ba sebelisitse tandem mass spectrometry hammoho le chromatography ea ente ea metsi ka kotloloho ho lekola maemo a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana lisampong tsa metsi ho sekaseka kakaretso ea metsoako e 221 ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana lisampoleng tsa metsi tse tlhotliloeng (0.7μm) ho USGS National Water Quality Laboratory.E le ho hlahloba chefo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, bafuputsi ba ile ba sebelisa Pesticide Toxicity Index (PTI) ho lekanya chefo e ka bang teng ea metsoako e bolaeang likokoanyana ho lihlopha tse tharo tsa lihlopha-litlhapi, li-cladocerans (li-crustaceans tse nyenyane tsa metsi a hloekileng) le li-invertebrates tsa benthic.Sehlopha sa lintlha tsa PTI se kenyelletsa maemo a mararo ho emela tekanyo ea tlhahlobo ea chefo e boletsoeng esale pele: e tlase (PTI≥0.1), e sa foleng (0.1 1).
Ho ile ha fumanwa hore nakong ya 2013-2017, bonyane dibolayadikokonyana tse hlano kapa ho feta di ne di le teng ho 88% ya disampole tsa metsi tse tswang dibakeng tsa sampole tsa NWQN.Ke 2.2% feela ea lisampole tsa metsi tse sa kang tsa feta boemo bo bonoang ba chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.Tikolohong e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe, lihlahisoa tse mahareng tsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana lisampoleng tsa metsi tsa mofuta o mong le o mong oa tšebeliso ea mobu e ne e le tsona tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e 24 tikolohong ea temo, le chefo e 7 naheng e tsoakiloeng (ea temo le e tsoetseng pele), e le tlase ka ho fetisisa.Libaka tse tsoetseng pele li fumaneha bohareng, 'me sampole ka 'ngoe ea metsi e bokella mefuta e 18 ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.Likokoana-hloko tse lisampoleng tsa metsi li na le chefo e matla ho isa ho tse sa foleng ho liphoofolo tse se nang mokokotlo tsa metsing, le chefo e sa foleng ho litlhapi.Har'a metsoako e 221 ea chefo e hlahlobiloeng, e 17 (likokoanyana tse 13, likokoana-hloko tse 2, fungicide e le 1 le synergist e le 'ngoe) ke tsona tse susumetsang chefo ho Aquatic Taxonomy.Ho latela tlhahlobo ea PTI, motsoako oa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana o kenya letsoho ho feta 50% ho chefo ea sampole, athe chefo e meng ea hajoale e kenya letsoho hanyenyane ho chefo.Bakeng sa li-cladocerans, metsoako ea mantlha e bolaeang likokoanyana e bakang chefo ke chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana bifenthrin, carbaryl, toxic rif, diazinon, dichlorvos, dichlorvos, tridifenuron, fluphthalamide, le tebupirine phosphorus.Sebolayalehola sa attriazine le sebolaya dikokonyana bifenthrin, carbaryl, carbofuran, toxic rif, diazinon, dichlorvos, fipronil, imidacloprid le methamidophos ke chefo e ka bang teng ho diphoofotsoana tse se nang mokokotlo tsa benthic Mokhanni ea ka sehloohong oa chefo.Meriana e bolaeang likokonyana e nang le tšusumetso e kholo litlhaping e kenyelletsa sebolaea-lehola acetochlor, sebolaea-pele ho senya carbendazim, le synergistic piperonyl butoxide.
United States Geological Survey (USGS) e fetisitse tlhahlobo ea eona ea Naha ea Boleng ba Metsi ("Ho lekola ketsahalo le boitšoaro ba chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana melapong, matšeng le metsing a ka tlas'a lefatše le monyetla oa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ho silafatsa phepelo ea rona ea metsi a nooang kapa ho senya tikoloho ea metsing" (NAWQA) tlaleho. .Litlaleho tse fetileng tsa USGS li bontša hore chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e fumaneha hohle tikolohong ea metsing 'me ke lintho tse silafatsang tse atileng tikolohong ea metsi a hloekileng.Kwa United States, bontsi jwa dibolayaditshenekegi tse di dirisiwang thata di ka bonwa mo metsing a a fa godimo ga metsi le mo metsing a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe, e leng motswedi wa metsi a a nowang mo halofong ya baagi ba Amerika.Ho feta moo, linōka le melapo e silafalitsoeng ke chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana li ka qhala likhoerekhoere maoatleng le matangoaneng a kang Great Barrier Reef (GBR).Har'a tsona, 99.8% ea lisampole tsa GBR li kopantsoe le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e fetang 20.Leha ho le joalo, lik'hemik'hale tsena ha li na liphello tse kotsi bophelong ba lintho tse phelang metsing, empa hape li na le liphello tse mpe tsa bophelo bo botle ho lintho tse phelang lefatšeng tse itšetlehileng ka metsi a holim'a metsi kapa metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše.Tse ngata tsa lik'hemik'hale tsena li ka baka mathata a endocrine, mathata a ho ba le bana, neurotoxicity le mofets'e ho batho le liphoofolo, 'me boholo ba tsona li chefo haholo ho lintho tse phelang metsing.Ho feta moo, liphuputso tsa boleng ba metsi hangata li senola boteng ba metsoako e fetang e le 'ngoe ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ka har'a metsi le chefo e ka bang teng bophelong ba leoatleng.Leha ho le joalo, USGS-NAWQA kapa tlhahlobo ea kotsi ea metsing ea EPA ha e hlahlobe likotsi tse ka bang teng tsa motsoako oa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana tikolohong ea metsing.
Tšilafalo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana holim’a metsi le ka tlas’a lefatše e bakile bothata bo bong, ke hore, khaello ea tlhahlobo le melaoana e sebetsang ea tsela ea metsi, e thibelang chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana hore e se ke ea bokellana litseleng tsa metsi.E 'ngoe ea mekhoa ea US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ho sireletsa bophelo ba batho le tikoloho ke ho laola chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ho latela Molao oa Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) le ho latela lipehelo tsa Molao oa Metsi a Hloekileng. ea mehloli ea lintlha litseleng tsa metsi.Leha ho le joalo, ho khutlisetsoa morao ha morao tjena ha EPA ea melaoana ea litsela tsa metsi ho na le phello e fokolang ho sireletseng bophelo bo botle ba tikoloho ea metsing, 'me mefuta ea leoatle le ea lefatše (ho kenyeletsoa batho) e hloka ho etsa joalo.Nakong e fetileng, USGS-NAWQA e ile ea nyatsa EPA ka ho se thehe litekanyetso tse lekaneng tsa boleng ba metsi a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.Ho ea ka NAWQA, "Litekanyetso tsa hona joale le litataiso ha li felise ka ho feletseng likotsi tse bakoang ke chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana metsing a metsi hobane: (1) boleng ba chefo e ngata ea likokoanyana ha bo e-s'o tsejoe, (2) metsoako le lihlahisoa tsa ho bola ha li e-s'o nahaneloe, 'me (3) ) nako ea selemo ha e so hlahlojoe.Boemo bo phahameng ba ho pepeseha, le (4) mefuta e meng ea liphello tse ka bang teng ha e e-s'o hlahlojoe, joalo ka tšitiso ea endocrine le likarabo tse ikhethang tsa batho ba nang le kutloelo-bohloko.
Liphetho tsa phuputso li bonts'a hore chefo e fapaneng ea 17 ke eona e bakang chefo ea metsing.Likokoana-hloko tsa Organophosphate li bapala karolo e kholo ho chefo e sa foleng ea Cladran, athe chefo ea imidacloprid e baka chefo e sa foleng ho li-invertebrates tsa benthic.Li-Organophosphates ke sehlopha sa likokoana-hloko tse nang le phello e mpe tsamaisong ea methapo, 'me mokhoa oa bona oa ts'ebetso o tšoana le oa metsoako ea methapo ntoeng ea lik'hemik'hale.Ho pepesetsoa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea imidacloprid ho ka ama tsamaiso ea ho ikatisa hampe 'me ho kotsi haholo ho mefuta e fapaneng ea metsing.Le hoja dichlorvos, bifenthrin le methamidophos li le teng ka seoelo lisampoleng, ha lik'hemik'hale tsena li le teng, li feta moeli oa chefo e sa foleng le e matla bakeng sa liphoofolo tse se nang mokokotlo tsa metsing.Leha ho le joalo, bafuputsi ba bontšitse hore index ea chefo e ka 'na ea nyenyefatsa tšusumetso e ka bang teng ho lintho tse phelang metsing, hobane liphuputso tse fetileng li fumane hore "sampole sa beke le beke sa discrete hangata se lahleheloa ke nako e khutšoanyane, litlhōrō tse ka bang chefo ho chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana".
Liphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo tsa metsing, ho kenyeletsoa li-benthic le li-cladoceans, ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea marang-rang a lijo, li ja limatlafatsi tse ngata metsing, hape ke mohloli oa lijo bakeng sa liphoofolo tse khōlō tse jang nama.Leha ho le joalo, phello ea tšilafalo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana litseleng tsa metsi e ka ’na ea e-ba le tšusumetso e ka tlaase-holimo ho liphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo tsa metsing, e leng ho bolaea liphoofolo tse nang le lesapo la mokokotlo tse molemo tseo tsamaiso ea tsona ea methapo e tšoanang le sepheo sa likokoanyana tsa lefatše.Ho phaella moo, li-invertebrates tse ngata tsa benthic ke li-larvae tsa likokoanyana tsa lefatše.Ha se feela matšoao a boleng ba litsela tsa metsi le mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng, empa hape li fana ka litšebeletso tse fapaneng tsa tikoloho tse kang nosetso ea lintho tse phelang, ho bola le phepo e nepahetseng.Kenyelletso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e tlameha ho lokisoa ho fokotsa tšusumetso ea chefo e ka bang chefu linokeng le melapong ea lintho tse phelang metsing, haholo-holo libakeng tseo lik'hemik'hale tsa temo li sebelisoang haholo.
Tlaleho e bontša hore palo ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana sampoleng e fapana ho ea ka libaka selemo se seng le se seng, 'me mobu oa temo o sebelisa bongata bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, ho kenyeletsoa likokoana-hloko, likokoanyana le li-fungicides, le phallo e kholo ho tloha ka May ho ea ho July.Ka lebaka la mobu o mongata oa temo, chefo e bolaeang likokonyana e ka hare ho sampole ka 'ngoe ea metsi libakeng tse bohareng le tse ka boroa ke eona e phahameng ka ho fetisisa.Liphuputso tsena li lumellana le liphuputso tse fetileng tse bontšang hore mehloli ea metsi e haufi le libaka tsa temo e atisa ho ba le maemo a phahameng a litšila, haholo-holo nakong ea selemo, ha ho phalla ha lik'hemik'hale tsa agrochemical ho atile.Ka Hlakola 2020, US Geological Survey e ile ea tlaleha ka Morero oa Tšebelisano-'moho ea Likokoana-hloko Metsing (e tsamaisoang ke EPA).Likokoana-hloko tse 141 li ile tsa fumanoa linōkeng tse 7 Midwest 'me chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e 73 e ile ea fumanoa linōkeng tse 7 ka boroa-bochabela.Tsamaiso ea Trump e lahlile tlhokahalo ea k'hamphani ea lik'hemik'hale ea lichaba tse ngata Syngenta-ChemChina ho tsoela pele ho shebella boteng ba likokoana-hloko metsing a Midwest ka 2020. Ho phaella moo, tsamaiso ea Trump e nkile sebaka sa melao ho WOTUS ea 2015 "Tshireletso ea Metsi a Navigable Melao”, e tla fokolisa haholo tšireletso ea litsela tse ngata tsa metsi le libaka tse mongobo United States, le ka ho lahla likotsi tse sa tšoaneng tsa tšilafalo tse sokelang litsela tsa metsi.Thibelo ea mesebetsi.Ha tšusumetso ea ho fetoha ha boemo ba leholimo e ntse e tota, pula e eketseha, metsi a phallang a eketseha, 'me leqhoa le leqhoa lea qhibiliha, e leng se lebisang ho tšoaroeng ha chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e tloaelehileng e seng e sa hlahisoa.Khaello ea tlhokomelo e khethehileng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e tla lebisa ho bokelelloeng le ho sebelisana ha lik'hemik'hale tse chefo tikolohong ea metsing., Mehloli e meng e silafatsang metsi.
Tšebeliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e lokela ho felisoa 'me qetellong e felisoe ho sireletsa litsela tsa metsi tsa naha le lefats'e le ho fokotsa bongata ba chefo e kenang metsing a nooang.Ntle le moo, ntle le chefo e bolaeang likokonyana, 'muso oa koporasi esale o buella melaoana e sireletsang ea mmuso e nahanang ka ts'okelo e ka bang teng ea motsoako oa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana (ebang ke lihlahisoa tse entsoeng kapa chefo ea sebele tikolohong) tikolohong le linthong tse phelang.Ka bomalimabe, melao ea tsamaiso ea hajoale e hloleha ho nahana ka tikoloho ka kakaretso, e etsa sebaka se foufetseng se fokotsang bokhoni ba rona ba ho etsa liphetoho tse ngata tse ka ntlafatsang bophelo bo botle ba tikoloho.Leha ho le joalo, ho khothalletsa melaoana ea phetoho ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana sebakeng sa heno le ea naha ho ka sireletsa uena le lelapa la hao metsing a nang le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.Ho phaella moo, mekhoa ea manyolo / e nchafalitsoeng e ka boloka metsi, ea khothalletsa ho ba le bana, ea fokotsa ho phalla ha metsi le khoholeho, ea fokotsa tlhokahalo ea limatlafatsi, 'me e ka felisa lik'hemik'hale tse chefo tse sokelang likarolo tse ngata tsa bophelo ba batho le tikoloho, ho akarelletsa le mehloli ea metsi.Bakeng sa boitsebiso bo eketsehileng mabapi le tšilafalo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ka metsing, ka kōpo sheba leqephe la lenaneo la “Metsi a Kotsi” le “Lihlooho Tse Fetang Likokoana-hloko” “Likokoana-hloko metsing a ka a nooang?”Mehato ea thibelo ea botho le liketso tsa sechaba.Bolella Setsi sa Tšireletso ea Tikoloho sa US hore se tlameha ho sebetsa ka thata ho sireletsa bophelo bo botle le tikoloho.
Kenyelletso ena e ngotsoe ka 12:01 AM ka la 24 Loetse 2020 (Labone) 'me e thathamisitsoe tlas'a Likokoana-hloko tsa Metsing, Tšilafalo, Imidacloprid, Organophosphate, Metsoako e bolaeang likokoanyana, Metsi.O ka sala morao karabo efe kapa efe ho kenyo ena ka RSS 2.0 feed.U ka tlola ho fihlela qetellong 'me ua siea karabo.Ping ha e lumelloe hajoale.
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