(Kunze kwemishonga yezvipembenene, Gunyana 24, 2020) Chirevo chitsva kubva kuUnited States Geological Survey (USGS) “National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project” inoratidza kuti mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakaparadzirwa zvakanyanya munzizi nehova dzeAmerica, dzinenge 90% A. mvura ine mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inokwana mishanu kana kupfuura.Sezvo kuongororwa kweUnited States Geological Survey (USGS) muna 1998 kwakaratidza kuti mishonga yezvipembenene yakapararira mumigwagwa yose yemvura muUnited States, kusvibiswa kwezvipembenene mumigwagwa yemvura kwakajairika munhoroondo, uye kana mushonga mumwe chete unogona kuonekwa.Zviuru zvematani emishonga inouraya zvipembenene zvinopinda munzizi dzeAmerica nenzizi kubva kunzvimbo dzekurima uye dzisiri dzekurima, dzichisvibisa zvitubu zvemvura yekunwa zvakaita semvura yepamusoro uye pasi pevhu.Nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene mumvura, ine mhedzisiro yakaipa pahutano hwezvipenyu zvemumvura, kunyanya kupindirana kweimwe mishonga yezvipembenene nemamwe mapesti kuti kuwedzere kuoma kweichi chiitiko.Mishumo yakadai chishandiso chakakosha chekutarisa zviito zvekutonga zvakakodzera kuchengetedza hutano hwevanhu, hwemhuka uye kwezvakatipoteredza.USGS yakagumisa kuti "kuona zvikonzero zvikuru zvinokonzeresa muchetura kunogona kubatsira kuvandudza nzizi nehova kutsigira kunaka kwehupenyu hwemumvura."
Mvura ndiyo inonyanya kuwanda uye yakakosha papasi, yakakosha pakurarama, uye chikamu chikuru chezvipenyu zvese.Pasi pezvikamu zvitatu kubva muzana zvemvura yakachena imvura yakachena, uye chikamu chiduku chemvura yakachena imvura yepasi (30.1%) kana mvura yepamusoro (0.3%) yekushandisa.Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwese kwese kwemishonga yezvipembenene kunotyisidzira kuderedza kuwanda kwemvura yakachena iripo, nokuti mvura inouraya zvipembenene, kuzadzazve uye kuraswa kusina kunaka kunogona kusvibisa nzira dzemvura dziri pedyo, dzakadai senzizi, hova, madziva kana nzvimbo dzepasi pevhu.Sezvo nzizi nehova zvichitora chikamu che2% chemvura yepasi, zvipenyu izvi zvinosakara zvipenyu zvinofanirwa kuchengetedzwa kuti dzisanyanya kukuvadzwa, kusanganisira kurasika kwemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzemumvura uye kudzikira kwemhando yemvura.Vatsvakurudzi mumushumo wekutsvakurudza vakati, "[Chinangwa chikuru chekutsvakurudza uku ndechekuratidza maitiro emishonga yezvipembenene inowanikwa mumasampuli emvura emvura muUnited States nekurima, yakagadziridzwa uye yakasanganiswa kushandiswa kwevhu kubva ku2013 kusvika ku2017" ( 2017 Pamusoro pezvo, vaongorori vanovavarira kunzwisisa "hunogona huturu hwemusanganiswa wemishonga yezvipembenene kune zvipenyu zvemumvura, uye kuongorora kuitika kwevanogona kutyaira chepfu yemusanganiswa."
Kuti vaongorore kunaka kwemvura yenyika, vatsvakurudzi vakaunganidza masampuli emvura kubva kune sampling points mubheseni rakagadzwa neNational Water Quality Network (NWQN)-Rivers and Streams muna 1992. Aya marudzi evhu akavakirwa pamhando dzekushandiswa kwevhu (agricultural, developed/ yemaguta uye yakasanganiswa).Kubva muna 2013 kusvika muna 2017, vatsvakurudzi vakaunganidza masampuli emvura kubva panzvimbo yega yega yerwizi rwerwizi mwedzi wega wega.Mumwedzi mishomanana, semwaka wekunaya kwemvura, sezvo kuwanda kwemishonga yezvipembenene kunowedzera, kuwanda kwekuunganidza kuchawedzera.Vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa tandem mass spectrometry pamwe chete nejekiseni remvura rakananga liquid chromatography kuongorora mazinga emishonga yezvipembenene mumasampuli emvura kuongorora huwandu hwe221 mishonga yezvipembenene mumasampuli emvura akacheneswa (0.7μm) kuUSGS National Water Quality Laboratory.Kuti vaongorore kutyisa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa Pesticide Toxicity Index (PTI) kuti vaone kutyisa kunogona kuitika kwemishonga yezvipembenene kumapoka matatu emhando-hove, cladocerans (diki crustaceans yemvura yakachena) uye benthic invertebrates.Iyo PTI mucherechedzo wezvibodzwa unosanganisira nhanho nhatu kumiririra yakaringana yekuongorora nhanho yezvakafanotaurwa muchetura: yakaderera (PTI≥0.1), chisingaperi (0.1 1).
Zvakaonekwa kuti mukati menguva ye2013-2017, mishonga inouraya zvipembenene mishanu kana kupfuura yakanga iripo mu88% yemasampuli emvura kubva kuNWQN sampling points.Chete 2.2% yemasampuli emvura haana kudarika danho rinoonekwa remushonga wezvipembenene.Munzvimbo imwe neimwe, mishonga yezvipembenene yepakati mumasampuli emvura emhando yega yega yekushandiswa kwevhu yaive yepamusoro-soro, 24 mishonga yezvipembenene munzvimbo dzekurima, uye 7 mishonga yezvipembenene munzvimbo yakasanganiswa (yekurima neyakasimukira), yakaderera.Nzvimbo dzakasimukira dziri pakati, uye sampu yega yega yemvura inounganidza marudzi gumi nemasere emishonga yezvipembenene.Mishonga yezvipembenene mumasampuli emvura ine mukana wakaoma kusvika kuhupfu kune zvipembenene zvemumvura, uye muchetura usingaperi kuhove.Pakati pe221 mishonga yezvipembenene yakaongororwa, 17 (13 mishonga yesora, 2 fungicide uye 1 synergist) ndiyo inonyanya kukonzera chepfu muAquatic Taxonomy.Zvinoenderana nekuongorora kwePTI, mushonga wezvipembenene unopa zvinopfuura 50% kuhupfu hwesample, nepo mimwe mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yazvino inopa zvishoma kune muchetura.Kune macladocerans, mishonga mikuru yezvipembenene inokonzera huturu ndeye bifenthrin, carbaryl, toxic rif, diazinon, dichlorvos, dichlorvos, tridifenuron, fluphthalamide, uye tebupirine phosphorus.Mushonga wesora weattriazine nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene bifenthrin, carbaryl, carbofuran, toxic rif, diazinon, dichlorvos, fipronil, imidacloprid uye methamidophos mishonga inogona kuuraya zvipembenene kune benthic invertebrates Mutyairi mukuru wehuturu.Mishonga ine simba guru pahove inosanganisira mushonga wesora acetochlor, fungicide yekuderedza carbendazim, uye synergistic piperonyl butoxide.
United States Geological Survey (USGS) yakapasa National Water Quality Assessment ("Kuongorora kuitika uye maitiro emishonga yezvipembenene muhova, madziva nemvura yepasi uye mukana wemishonga inosvibisa mvura yedu yekunwa kana kukanganisa zvisikwa zvemumvura") (NAWQA) chirevo. .Mishumo yapfuura yeUSGS inoratidza kuti mishonga yezvipembenene inowanikwa kwese kwese munzvimbo yemvura uye ndiyo inosvibisa yakajairika munzvimbo dzemvura yakachena.MuUnited States, mishonga yakawanda inowanzoshandiswa inogona kuonekwa mumvura yepamusoro uye mumvura yepasi, iyo ndiyo mvura yekunwa yehafu yevanhu veAmerica.Pamusoro pezvo, nzizi nehova zvakasvibiswa nemishonga yezvipembenene zvinogona kudira tsvina mumakungwa nemadhamu akadai seGreat Barrier Reef (GBR).Pakati pavo, 99.8% yemasampuli eGBR anosanganiswa neanopfuura makumi maviri emishonga yezvipembenene.Nekudaro, makemikari aya haangove ane hutano hunokuvadza pane zvipenyu zvemumvura, asi zvakare ane hutano hwakashata pane zvipenyu zvepanyika zvinoenderana nemvura yepamusoro kana pasi pevhu.Mazhinji emakemikari aya anogona kukonzera kusagadzikana kwe endocrine, kukanganisa kubereka, neurotoxicity uye gomarara muvanhu nemhuka, uye mazhinji acho ane muchetura zvakanyanya kune zvipenyu zvemumvura.Pamusoro pezvo, ongororo dzemhando yemvura dzinowanzo ratidza kuvepo kwemushonga mumwe wemushonga mumwe chete mumvura uye nehuturu hwezvipenyu zvemugungwa.Zvakadaro, hakuna USGS-NAWQA kana EPA yekuongorora njodzi yemvura yemvura inoongorora njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzemusanganiswa wemishonga yezvipembenene kunzvimbo yemvura.
Kusvibiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene pamusoro uye pasi pemvura yakakonzera rimwe dambudziko, ndiko kuti, kushayikwa kwekuongorora kunobudirira kwenzira yemvura uye mitemo, kudzivirira mishonga yezvipembenene kuti isaunganidzwe mumvura.Imwe yenzira dzeUS Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kuchengetedza hutano hwevanhu uye kwezvakatipoteredza kudzora mishonga inouraya zvipembenene zvinoenderana neFederal Insecticide, Fungicide, uye Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) uye zvinoenderana nezvinopihwa neiyo Yakachena Mvura Act Kusvibisa. zvemapoinzi masosi mumvura.Zvakadaro, kudzokororwa kweEPA nguva pfupi yadarika yemirau yenzira dzemumvura hakuna zvakunoita pakuchengetedza hutano hwezvipenyu zvemumvura, uye zvipenyu zvemugungwa nepasi (kusanganisira vanhu) zvinoda kudaro.Kare, USGS-NAWQA yakashoropodza EPA nekusamisa zviyero zvemhando yemvura inouraya zvipembenene.Sekureva kweNAWQA, "Mitemo yemazuva ano uye nhungamiro hazvibvisi zvachose njodzi dzinokonzerwa nemishonga yezvipembenene mumigero yemvura nekuti: (1) kukosha kwemishonga yakawanda haisati yatarwa, (2) misanganiswa uye zvigadzirwa zvekuora hazvina kutariswa, uye (3) ) mwaka hausati waongororwa.Iyo yakanyanya kuratidzwa, uye (4) mamwe marudzi ezvingangoita mhedzisiro haana kuongororwa, sekuvhiringidza kwe endocrine uye mhinduro dzakasiyana dzevanhu vane hanya.
Zvakabuda muongororo iyi zvinoratidza kuti mishonga inouraya zvipembenene gumi nenomwe ndiyo inonyanya kukonzera huturu hwemumvura.Organophosphate mishonga inouraya tupukanana inoita basa rakakura mukurwara kweCladran toxicity, nepo imidacloprid mishonga inouraya zvipembenene ichikonzera chepfu chisingaperi kune benthic invertebrates.Organophosphates ikirasi yezvipembenene zvinokanganisa hurongwa hwetsinga, uye maitiro avo akafanana neaya evamiriri vetsinga muhondo yemakemikari.Kuratidzwa kune imidacloprid mishonga yezvipembenene inogona kukanganisa hurongwa hwekubereka uye ine muchetura kumarudzi akasiyana emvura.Kunyangwe dichlorvos, bifenthrin uye methamidophos zvisingawanzo kuvepo mumasampuli, kana makemikari aya aripo, anodarika chisingaperi uye acute toxicity zvikumbaridzo zvemvura invertebrates.Nekudaro, vaongorori vakaratidza kuti iyo toxicity index inogona kushoresa kukanganisa kunogona kuitika pazvipenyu zvemumvura, nekuti ongororo dzakapfuura dzakaona kuti "vhiki nevhiki discrete sampling inowanzotadza kwenguva pfupi, inogona kuve nehuturu hwepamusoro mumishonga yezvipembenene".
Aquatic invertebrates, kusanganisira benthic organisms uye cladocerans, chikamu chakakosha chewebhu chekudya, chinodya chikafu chakawandisa mumvura, uye zvakare chiri chikafu chekudya kune hombe carnivores.Zvisinei, kukanganisa kwekusvibiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene mumigwagwa yemvura kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yepasi-kumusoro kune zvipembenene zvemvura, kuuraya zvipembenene zvisingabatsiri zvine maitiro emagetsi akafanana nechinangwa chezvipembenene zvepasi.Mukuwedzera, ma benthic invertebrates akawanda mapere ezvipembenene zvepasi.Haisi chete zviratidzo zvemhando yenzira yemvura uye kusiyanisa zvipenyu, asi zvakare inopa akasiyana ecosystem masevhisi akadai sebio-irrigation, kuora uye kudya kunovaka muviri.Kuiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kunofanirwa kugadziridzwa kuti kuderedze kukanganiswa kwezvipembenene zvinogona kuita chepfu munzizi nehova pane zvipenyu zvemumvura, kunyanya munzvimbo dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mishonga yekurima.
Gwaro iri rinoratidza kuti huwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene mumuenzaniso uyu hunosiyana munzvimbo nenzvimbo gore rega-rega, ivhu rekurima richishandisa mishonga yezvipembenene yakawanda zvikuru, inosanganisira mishonga yesora, mishonga yezvipembenene nefungi, uye kuwanda kwakawanda kubva muna Chivabvu kusvika Chikunguru.Nekuda kwekuwanda kwevhu rekurima, mishonga yezvipembenene yepakati mumuenzaniso wega wega wemvura munzvimbo dzepakati nekumaodzanyemba ndiyo yakanyanya.Zvakawanikwa izvi zvinopindirana neongororo dzakapfuura dzinoratidza kuti zvitubu zvemvura zviri pedyo nenzvimbo dzekurima zvinowanzova nemazinga epamusoro ezvinosvibisa, kunyanya muchirimo, apo agrochemicals runoff ari kuwanda.Muna Kukadzi 2020, iyo US Geological Survey yakashuma nezvePesticide Cooperative Sampling Project muMvura (yakaitwa neEPA).141 mishonga yezvipembenene yakaonekwa munzizi dze7 kuMidwest uye 73 mishonga yezvipembenene yakaonekwa munzizi dze7 kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva.Mutungamiri weTrump akasiya zvinodiwa nekambani yemakemikari yemarudzi akawanda Syngenta-ChemChina kuti irambe ichitarisa kuvapo kwemishonga yesora mumvura yeMidwest kusvika 2020. Pamusoro pezvo, hutongi hweTrump hwakatsiva mitemo mu2015 WOTUS "Navigable Waters Protection. Mitemo”, iyo ichaderedza zvakanyanya kuchengetedzwa kwenzira dzinoverengeka dzemvura nenzvimbo dzemvura muUnited States, uye nekusiya njodzi dzakasiyana siyana dzekusvibisa dzinotyisidzira nzira dzemvura.Kurambidza mabasa.Sezvo kukanganisa kwemamiriro ekunze kunowedzera, kunaya kwemvura kunowedzera, kuyerera kunowedzera, uye chando chechando chinonyunguduka, zvichiita kuti kutorwa kwemishonga yechinyakare iyo isingachagadzirwa.Kushaikwa kwehunyanzvi hwekutarisa mushonga wezvipembenene kunotungamira mukuunganidzwa uye kuwirirana kwemakemikari ane chepfu munzvimbo yemvura., Kuwedzera kusvibisa matsime emvura.
Kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kunofanirwa kupedzwa pamwe nekubviswa kuitira kuchengetedza nzira dzemvura dzenyika nenyika uye kuderedza huwandu hwemishonga inopinda mumvura yekunwa.Pamusoro pezvo, pamusoro pemishonga yezvipembenene, hurumende yemubatanidzwa yakagara ichikurudzira mitemo yedziviriro yemubatanidzwa iyo inofunga nezvekutyisidzira kungangove kwemusanganiswa wemishonga yezvipembenene (zvingave zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa kana mishonga chaiyo yezvipembenene munharaunda) kune ecosystem uye zvipenyu.Nehurombo, mirau yekutonga yazvino inotadza kufunga nezvezvakatipoteredza zvakazara, zvichigadzira nzvimbo isingaoni iyo inodzikamisa kugona kwedu kuita shanduko dzakakura dzinogona kunyatso kuvandudza hutano hweecosystem.Nekudaro, kusimudzira marongero ekuchinja kwemishonga yezvipembenene munharaunda nemunyika kunogona kukudzivirira iwe nemhuri yako kubva kumvura ine mishonga ine utachiona.Pamusoro pezvo, organic/renewable system inogona kuchengetedza mvura, kukurudzira kubereka, kuderedza kuyerera kwepasi uye kukukurwa, kuderedza kudiwa kwekudya, uye inogona kubvisa makemikari ane chepfu anotyisidzira akawanda ehupenyu hwevanhu uye ecosystem, kusanganisira zviwanikwa zvemvura.Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve kusvibiswa kwezvipembenene mumvura, ndapota tarisa kune peji rechirongwa che "Mvura Dzinotyisa" uye "Nyaya Dzinopfuura Mishonga Yezvipembenene" "Mishonga mumvura yangu yekunwa?"Maitiro ekudzivirira ega uye zviito zvenharaunda.Udza US Environmental Protection Agency kuti inofanirwa kushanda nesimba kuchengetedza hutano uye nharaunda.
Ichi chinyorwa chakatumirwa na12:01 AM musi waGunyana 24, 2020 (China) uye chakaiswa pasi peAquatic Organisms, Kusvibisa, Imidacloprid, Organophosphate, Pesticide Mixtures, Mvura.Unogona kuronda chero mhinduro kune iyi yekupinda kuburikidza neRSS 2.0 feed.Unogona kusvetuka kusvika kumagumo uye wosiya mhinduro.Ping parizvino haibvumidzwe.
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