(Kupatula mankhwala ophera tizilombo, Seputembara 24, 2020) Lipoti latsopano lochokera ku United States Geological Survey (USGS) “National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project” likuwonetsa kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo amafalitsidwa kwambiri m'mitsinje ndi mitsinje yaku America, pomwe pafupifupi 90% A. madzi okhala ndi mankhwala osachepera asanu kapena kupitilira apo.Popeza kusanthula kwa United States Geological Survey (USGS) mu 1998 kunasonyeza kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo ali ponseponse m’madzi onse a m’madzi ku United States, kuipitsidwa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m’njira za m’madzi n’kofala m’mbiri, ndipo mwina mankhwala ophera tizilombo atha kupezeka.Matani masauzande a mankhwala ophera tizilombo amalowa m'mitsinje ya ku America ndi mitsinje yochokera kuzinthu zaulimi komanso zomwe si zaulimi, ndikuipitsa magwero amadzi akumwa monga madzi apansi ndi pansi.Ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'mphepete mwa madzi, zimakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoipa pa thanzi la zamoyo za m'madzi, makamaka synergistic zotsatira za mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo kuti awonjezere kuopsa kwa izi.Malipoti oterowo ndi chida chofunikira chowunikira njira zoyenera zoyendetsera chitetezo cha anthu, nyama ndi chilengedwe.USGS inamaliza kuti "kuzindikira zomwe zimathandizira kuti pakhale poizoni kungathandize kukonza mitsinje ndi mitsinje kuti ikhale ndi zamoyo zam'madzi."
Madzi ndiye chinthu chochuluka komanso chofunikira kwambiri padziko lapansi, chomwe ndi chofunikira kwambiri kuti pakhale moyo, komanso chigawo chachikulu cha zamoyo zonse.Pansi pa atatu peresenti ya madzi abwino ndi madzi abwino, ndipo gawo laling'ono chabe la madzi abwino ndi madzi apansi (30.1%) kapena madzi apamtunda (0.3%) kuti amwe.Komabe, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulikonse kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumawopseza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi abwino omwe amapezeka, chifukwa kusefukira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kubwezeretsanso ndi kutaya kosayenera kumatha kuwononga mitsinje yapafupi, monga mitsinje, mitsinje, nyanja kapena malo otsetsereka pansi pa nthaka.Popeza mitsinje ndi mitsinje imatenga 2% yokha ya madzi apamtunda, zachilengedwe zosalimbazi ziyenera kutetezedwa kuti zisawonongeke, kuphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa zamoyo za m'madzi ndi kuchepa kwa ubwino wa madzi.Ofufuzawo mu lipoti la kafukufukuyu anati, "[Cholinga chachikulu cha kafukufukuyu ndikuwonetsa mikhalidwe ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapezeka m'madzi am'madzi ku United States omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ulimi, otukuka komanso osakanikirana kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2017″ ( 2017 Kuphatikiza apo, ofufuzawa akufuna kumvetsetsa "kuopsa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku zamoyo zam'madzi, ndikuwunika momwe angayendetsere poizoni wosakanikirana."
Pofuna kuyesa mtundu wa madzi a dziko, ofufuza adasonkhanitsa zitsanzo za madzi kuchokera kumalo opangira sampuli mu beseni lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi National Water Quality Network (NWQN) -Rivers and Streams mu 1992. Mitundu ya nthakayi imachokera ku mitundu yogwiritsira ntchito nthaka (ulimi, otukuka / tawuni ndi yosakanikirana).Kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2017, ochita kafukufuku adasonkhanitsa zitsanzo za madzi kuchokera pamtsinje uliwonse mwezi uliwonse.M’miyezi ingapo, monga m’nyengo yamvula, pamene kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumawonjezereka, kaŵirikaŵiri kusonkhanitsa kudzawonjezereka.Ofufuza adagwiritsa ntchito tandem mass spectrometry pamodzi ndi jakisoni wamadzi wamadzimadzi chromatography kuti awone kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu zitsanzo zamadzi kuti aunike mankhwala ophera tizilombo 221 mu zitsanzo zamadzi zosefedwa (0.7μm) ku USGS National Water Quality Laboratory.Pofuna kuyesa kuopsa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ofufuzawo adagwiritsa ntchito Pesticide Toxicity Index (PTI) kuti ayese kuopsa kwa mankhwala osakaniza opha tizilombo m'magulu atatu - nsomba, cladocerans (crustaceans yamadzi ang'onoang'ono) ndi benthic invertebrates.Gulu la PTI limaphatikizapo magawo atatu omwe amayimira kuchuluka kwa kuwunika komwe kunanenedweratu: otsika (PTI≥0.1), osatha (0.1 1).
Zinapezeka kuti mu nthawi ya 2013-2017, osachepera asanu kapena kuposerapo mankhwala ophera tizilombo analipo mu 88% ya zitsanzo za madzi kuchokera ku NWQN sampuli.2.2% yokha ya zitsanzo za madzi sizinapitirire kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo.M'malo aliwonse, mankhwala ophera tizilombo apakati omwe ali m'madzi amtundu uliwonse wogwiritsa ntchito nthaka anali apamwamba kwambiri, 24 mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'malo aulimi, ndi 7 mankhwala opha tizilombo m'malo osakanikirana (zaulimi ndi otukuka), otsika kwambiri.Madera otukuka ali pakati, ndipo madzi aliwonse amaunjikana mitundu 18 ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapezeka m'madzi amatha kukhala ndi chiwopsezo chambiri mpaka chosatha kwa zamoyo zam'madzi, komanso kuwopsa kwa nsomba.Pakati pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo 221 omwe afufuzidwa, 17 (13 mankhwala, 2 herbicides, 1 fungicide ndi 1 synergist) ndi omwe amayendetsa poizoni mu Aquatic Taxonomy.Malinga ndi kusanthula kwa PTI, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amathandizira kupitilira 50% ku kawopsedwe kachitsanzo, pomwe mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo omwe alipo amathandizira pang'ono poyizoni.Kwa cladocerans, mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amayambitsa poizoni ndi bifenthrin, carbaryl, toxic rif, diazinon, dichlorvos, dichlorvos, tridifenuron, fluphthalamide, ndi tebupirine phosphorous.The herbicide attriazine ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo bifenthrin, carbaryl, carbofuran, toxic rif, diazinon, dichlorvos, fipronil, imidacloprid ndi methamidophos ndi mankhwala omwe angathe kupha tizilombo ta benthic invertebrates Choyendetsa chachikulu cha kawopsedwe.Mankhwala omwe amakhudza kwambiri nsomba ndi monga herbicide acetochlor, fungicide to degrade carbendazim, ndi synergistic piperonyl butoxide.
United States Geological Survey (USGS) idapereka National Water Quality Assessment yake ("Kuwunika momwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'mitsinje, nyanja ndi madzi apansi angakhalire komanso kuthekera kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuwononga madzi athu akumwa kapena kuwononga zachilengedwe zam'madzi" (NAWQA) lipoti .Malipoti am'mbuyomu a USGS akuwonetsa kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo amapezeka paliponse m'malo amadzi ndipo ndi zowononga zofala m'malo okhala m'madzi opanda mchere.Ku United States, mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri amatha kupezeka m'madzi apansi ndi pansi, omwe ndi magwero amadzi akumwa a theka la anthu aku America.Kuphatikiza apo, mitsinje ndi mitsinje yoipitsidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo imatha kutulutsa zimbudzi m'nyanja ndi m'madzi monga Great Barrier Reef (GBR).Pakati pawo, 99.8% ya zitsanzo za GBR zimasakanizidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo oposa 20.Komabe, mankhwalawa samangokhala ndi thanzi labwino pa zamoyo zam'madzi, komanso amakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoipa pa zamoyo zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimadalira madzi apansi kapena pansi.Zambiri mwa mankhwalawa zimatha kuyambitsa matenda a endocrine, zilema zaubereki, neurotoxicity ndi khansa mwa anthu ndi nyama, ndipo ambiri aiwo ndi oopsa kwambiri ku zamoyo zam'madzi.Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wamadzi nthawi zambiri amavumbulutsa kukhalapo kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo opitilira m'mphepete mwamadzi komanso kuopsa kwa zamoyo zam'madzi.Komabe, palibe USGS-NAWQA kapena kuwunika kwa ngozi zapamadzi kwa EPA komwe sikuwunika kuopsa kwa kusakaniza kwa mankhwala ku chilengedwe chamadzi.
Kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo pamtunda ndi pansi pa nthaka kwadzetsa vuto lina, ndiko kuti, kusowa kwa kayendetsedwe kabwino ka njira zamadzi ndi malamulo, kuletsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti asawunjikane m'madzi.Imodzi mwa njira zomwe bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) limagwiritsa ntchito poteteza thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe ndikuwongolera mankhwala ophera tizilombo motsatira lamulo la Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) komanso molingana ndi zomwe zili mu Clean Water Act Pollution. za magwero a nsonga m’mitsinje.Komabe, kubweza kwaposachedwa kwa EPA kwa malamulo amayendedwe apamadzi sikukhudza kuteteza thanzi la zamoyo zam'madzi, ndipo zamoyo zam'madzi ndi zapadziko lapansi (kuphatikiza anthu) zikuyenera kutero.M'mbuyomu, USGS-NAWQA idadzudzula EPA chifukwa chosakhazikitsa miyezo yoyenera yamadzi ophera tizilombo.Malingana ndi NAWQA, "Miyezo ndi ndondomeko zamakono sizimathetsa kuopsa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'mitsinje yamadzi chifukwa: (1) mtengo wa mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo sunadziwike, (2) zosakaniza ndi zowonongeka sizinaganizidwe, ndipo (3) ) nyengo sinawunikidwe.Kuwonekera kwakukulu, ndi (4) mitundu ina ya zotsatira zake sizinayesedwe, monga kusokonezeka kwa endocrine ndi mayankho apadera a anthu okhudzidwa.
Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo 17 ndi omwe amayendetsa kawopsedwe ka m'madzi.Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Organophosphate amatenga gawo lalikulu pakuwopsezedwa kwa Cladran kosatha, pomwe imidacloprid insecticide imayambitsa kawopsedwe kosatha kwa benthic invertebrates.Organophosphates ndi gulu la mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amawononga dongosolo lamanjenje, ndipo machitidwe awo ndi ofanana ndi a mitsempha yothandizira pankhondo yamankhwala.Kukhudzana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a imidacloprid kumatha kusokoneza njira zoberekera ndipo ndi poizoni kwambiri ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya m'madzi.Ngakhale kuti dichlorvos, bifenthrin ndi methamidophos sizipezeka kawirikawiri mu zitsanzo, pamene mankhwalawa alipo, amapitirira malire a kawopsedwe osatha komanso oopsa a zinyama zam'madzi.Komabe, ofufuzawo adawonetsa kuti index ya kawopsedwe ingachepetse zomwe zingachitike pazamoyo zam'madzi, chifukwa kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wapeza kuti "zisankho zamagulu a sabata nthawi zambiri zimaphonya kwakanthawi kochepa, nsonga zapoizoni zakupha".
Zamoyo zam'madzi zopanda msana, kuphatikizapo zamoyo zam'madzi ndi ma cladoceans, ndizofunikira kwambiri pazakudya, zimadya zakudya zambiri m'madzi, komanso zimakhala chakudya cha nyama zazikulu.Komabe, zotsatira za kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'madzi zimatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zapansi pa zamoyo zam'madzi zopanda msana, kupha zinyama zopindulitsa zomwe dongosolo lawo lamanjenje limafanana ndi chandamale cha tizilombo ta padziko lapansi.Kuphatikiza apo, ma benthic invertebrates ambiri ndi mphutsi za tizilombo tapadziko lapansi.Sizizindikiro zokhazokha za ubwino wa njira za m'madzi ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, komanso zimapereka chithandizo cha chilengedwe monga ulimi wothirira, kuwonongeka ndi zakudya.Kuyika kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuyenera kusinthidwa kuti muchepetse mphamvu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe angakhale oopsa m'mitsinje ndi mitsinje pa zamoyo za m'madzi, makamaka m'madera omwe agrochemicals amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Lipotilo likusonyeza kuti chiwerengero cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo pachitsanzochi chimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo chaka ndi chaka, ndi malo olima omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuphatikizapo mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ophera tizilombo ndi fungicides, komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu kuyambira May mpaka July.Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nthaka yaulimi, mankhwala ophera tizilombo apakati pamtundu uliwonse wamadzi m'madera apakati ndi kumwera ndi apamwamba kwambiri.Zomwe zapezazi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wosonyeza kuti magwero a madzi pafupi ndi madera aulimi amakhala ndi zowononga kwambiri, makamaka masika, pamene agrochemicals akuthamanga kwambiri.Mu February 2020, US Geological Survey inanena za Pesticide Cooperative Sampling Project in Waterways (yochitidwa ndi EPA).Mankhwala ophera tizilombo 141 adapezeka m'mitsinje 7 ku Midwest ndipo mankhwala ophera tizilombo 73 adapezeka m'mitsinje 7 kumwera chakum'mawa.Ulamuliro wa Trump wasiya zofunikira za kampani yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala Syngenta-ChemChina kuti ipitirize kuyang'anira kupezeka kwa herbicides m'mphepete mwa madzi a Midwest ndi 2020. Kuwonjezera apo, ulamuliro wa Trump wasintha malamulo mu 2015 WOTUS "Navigable Waters Protection. Malamulo ", zomwe zidzafooketsa chitetezo cha madzi angapo ndi madambo ku United States, komanso kusiya zoopsa zosiyanasiyana zowononga zomwe zimawopseza madzi.Kuletsa zochita.Pamene kusintha kwa nyengo kukuchulukirachulukira, mvula imachuluka, madzi osefukira amawonjezeka, ndipo madzi oundana amasungunuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu atenge mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe sapangidwanso.Kupanda kuyang'anira mwapadera mankhwala ophera tizilombo kudzapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchulukana komanso kuphatikizika kwa mankhwala oopsa m'malo am'madzi., Magwero enanso oipitsa madzi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuyenera kuthetsedwa ndipo pamapeto pake kuthetsedwa kuti ateteze mitsinje yamadzi ya dzikolo ndi dziko lapansi komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amalowa m'madzi akumwa.Kuphatikiza apo, kuwonjezera pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, boma la federal lakhala likulimbikitsa kwanthawi yayitali malamulo oteteza chitetezo omwe amaganizira za kuwopseza kophatikizana kwa mankhwala opha tizilombo (kaya zopangidwa zopangidwa kapena mankhwala enieni achilengedwe) ku zachilengedwe ndi zamoyo.Tsoka ilo, malamulo apano akulephera kuganizira za chilengedwe chonse, kupanga malo osawona omwe amalepheretsa kusintha kwakukulu komwe kungathe kusintha thanzi la chilengedwe.Komabe, kulimbikitsa ndondomeko zosintha mankhwala a m’deralo ndi m’boma kungakutetezeni inu ndi banja lanu ku madzi oipitsidwa ndi mankhwala.Kuonjezera apo, machitidwe opangidwa ndi organic / osinthika amatha kupulumutsa madzi, kulimbikitsa chonde, kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa nthaka ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka, kuchepetsa kufunikira kwa zakudya, komanso kuthetsa mankhwala oopsa omwe amaopseza mbali zambiri za moyo wa anthu ndi zachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo madzi.Kuti mumve zambiri za kuipitsidwa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'madzi, chonde onani tsamba la pulogalamu ya "Madzi Owopsa" ndi "Nkhani Zopitilira Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo" "Mapiritsi m'madzi anga akumwa?"Zodzitetezera zaumwini ndi zochita za anthu ammudzi.Uzani bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency kuti liyenera kuyesetsa kuteteza thanzi ndi chilengedwe.
Izi zidayikidwa nthawi ya 12:01 AM pa Seputembara 24, 2020 (Lachinayi) ndipo zidayikidwa pansi pa Zamoyo Zam'madzi, Kuwonongeka, Imidacloprid, Organophosphate, Zosakaniza Zopha Mankhwala, Madzi.Mutha kuyang'anira yankho lililonse pazolowera izi kudzera mu RSS 2.0 feed.Mutha kulumpha mpaka kumapeto ndikusiya yankho.Ping sikuloledwa pano.
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