Ke ulu nui nei nā pesticides i nā kahawai i mea hopohopo honua, akā ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka ʻike e pili ana i ka mālama palekana o nā kaiaola wai.I loko o kahi hoʻokolohua mesocosmic he 30 lā, ua ʻike ʻia nā insecticide aquatic invertebrates maoli i ka fipronil insecticide maʻamau a me nā ʻano mea hoʻohaumia ʻehā.ʻO ka hui fipronil i hoʻololi i ka puka ʻana a me ka trophic cascade.ʻO ka manaʻo maikaʻi (EC50) ma kahi o ka fipronil a me kāna sulfide, sulfone a me desulfinyl degradation huahana i hoʻomohala ʻia kahi pane 50%.ʻAʻole pili ʻo Taxanes i ka fipronil.Hoʻohana ʻia ka 5% o nā mea i hoʻopilikia ʻia mai ka 15 mesocosmic EC50 waiwai no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hui pū ʻana o ka fipronil i loko o ka laʻana o ke kahua i ka huina o nā ʻāpana ʻona (∑TUFipronils).Ma 16% o nā kahawai i huki ʻia mai nā haʻawina ʻāpana ʻelima, ʻoi aku ka awelika ∑TUFipronil ma mua o 1 (e hōʻike ana i ka ʻona).Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻole ʻia nā hōʻailona invertebrate o nā ʻano i ka pilikia me TUTUipronil ma ʻehā o nā wahi laʻana ʻelima.Hōʻike kēia loiloi hoʻoweliweli kaiaola i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā pūhui fipronil e hōʻemi i nā kaiāulu kahawai ma nā wahi he nui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
ʻOiai ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā kemika synthetic i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaopopo piha ʻia ka hopena o kēia mau kemika i nā kaiaola non-target (1).Ma ka wai kai kahi i nalowale ai ka 90% o ka ʻāina mahiʻai honua, ʻaʻohe ʻikepili e pili ana i nā pesticides mahiʻai, akā inā loaʻa nā ʻikepili, ʻo ka manawa no nā pesticides e ʻoi aku i nā paepae hoʻoponopono he hapalua (2).Ua ʻike ʻia ka meta-analysis o nā pesticides mahiʻai i loko o ka wai ʻili ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma 70% o nā wahi hoʻohālike, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi pesticide ma mua o ka paepae hoʻoponopono (3).Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kēia mau meta-analyses (2, 3) wale nō ka nānā ʻana i ka wai ʻili i hoʻopili ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāina mahiʻai, a he hōʻuluʻulu o nā haʻawina discrete.Loaʻa nā pesticides, ʻoi aku hoʻi nā insecticides, ma nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale (4).ʻAʻole hiki ke hana i kahi loiloi piha o nā pesticides i loko o ka wai ili i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka mahiʻai a me nā ʻāina kūlanakauhale;no laila, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia inā he mea hoʻoweliweli nui ka pesticides i nā kumu wai o luna a me ko lākou kūpaʻa kaiaola.
Ua helu ʻo Benzopyrazoles a me neonicotinoids no ka hapakolu o ka mākeke pesticide honua ma 2010 (5).Ma ka wai ʻili o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ka fipronil a me kāna mau mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa (phenylpyrazoles) ka mea maʻamau o ka pesticide maʻamau, a ʻoi aku ko lākou ʻike ʻana ma mua o nā kūlana wai (6-8).ʻOiai ua hoʻokipa ʻia nā neonicotinoids ma muli o ko lākou hopena i ka pi a me nā manu a me ko lākou laha ʻana (9), ʻoi aku ka ʻona o ka fipronil i nā iʻa a me nā manu (10), aʻo nā pūhui phenylpyrazoles Class ʻē aʻe he mau hopena herbicidal (5).ʻO Fipronil kahi lāʻau insecticide systemic i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā pests ma ke kūlanakauhale a me ka mahiʻai.Mai ka wā i komo ai ka fipronil i ka mākeke honua i ka makahiki 1993, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fipronil ma United States, Iapana a me United Kingdom (5).Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, hoʻohana ʻia ka fipronil e hoʻomalu i nā ʻanuʻu a me nā nalo, a hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea kanu me ka kulina (me ka mālama ʻana i nā hua), ka ʻuala a me nā māla māla (11, 12).Ua piʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fipronil ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 2002 (13).ʻOiai ʻaʻohe ʻikepili hoʻohana kūlanakauhale kūloko i loaʻa, ua piʻi ka hoʻohana kūlanakauhale ma Kaleponi i ka makahiki 2006 a me 2015 (https://calpip.cdpr.ca) .gov/main .cfm, loaʻa iā Dekemaba 2, 2019).ʻOiai ʻike ʻia nā kiʻekiʻe o ka fipronil (6.41μg/L) i nā kahawai ma kekahi mau wahi mahiʻai me nā helu noi kiʻekiʻe (14), i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kahawai mahiʻai, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kahawai kūlanakauhale ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe. pili i ka ho'āʻo (6, 7, 14-17) ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻino.
Komo ʻo Fipronil i loko o ka kaiaola wai o ka wai kahe a i ʻole nā ​​leʻa mai ka lepo i ke kahawai (7, 14, 18).Fipronil i haʻahaʻa volatility (Henry kānāwai mau 2.31×10-4 Pa m3 mol-1), haʻahaʻa i ka haʻahaʻa wai solubility (3.78 mg/l ma 20 ° C), a me ka haʻahaʻa hydrophobicity (log Kow mea 3.9 i 4.1) ka. liʻiliʻi loa ka neʻe ʻana i ka lepo (ka log Koc he 2.6 a 3.1) (12, 19), a hōʻike ʻo ia i ka hoʻomau haʻahaʻa a me ka haʻahaʻa i ke kaiapuni (20).Hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ʻo Finazepril e ka photolysis, oxidation, pH-dependent hydrolysis a me ka emi ʻana, e hana ana i ʻehā mau huahana degradation nui: dessulfoxyphenapril (ʻaʻole sulfoxide), phenaprenip sulfone (sulfone), Filofenamide (amide) a me filofenib sulfide (sulfide).ʻOi aku ka paʻa a paʻa mau nā huahana hoʻohaʻahaʻa Fipronil ma mua o ka pūhui makua (21, 22).
Ua kākau maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻona o ka fipronil a me kona hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā ʻano mea ʻole (e like me nā invertebrates aquatic) (14, 15).ʻO ka Fipronil kahi pūhui neurotoxic e hoʻopilikia ai i ka hele ʻana o ka chloride ion ma ke kahawai chloride i hoʻoponopono ʻia e ka gamma-aminobutyric acid i loko o nā iniseti, e hopena i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana e hoʻoulu ai i ka hauʻoli nui a me ka make (20).ʻO ka Fipronil ka mea ʻawaʻawa, no laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pilina paʻa ʻana i nā ʻenekini ma mua o nā mammals (23).ʻOkoʻa ka hana insecticidal o nā huahana degradation fipronil.Ua like a ʻoi paha ka ʻona o ka sulfone a me ka sulfide i nā invertebrates wai maʻemaʻe ma mua o ko ka hui makua.Loaʻa i ka Desulfinyl ka mea ʻawaʻawa akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka pūhui makua.ʻAʻohe mea ʻawaʻawa (23, 24).ʻOkoʻa loa ka maʻalahi o nā invertebrates aquatic i ka fipronil a me ka fipronil degradation i loko a ma waena o ka ʻauhau (15), a i kekahi mau hihia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui (25).ʻO ka hope, aia nā hōʻike e ʻoi aku ka ʻona o nā phenylpyrazoles i ka kaiaola ma mua o ka manaʻo mua (3).
Hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pilikia o ka heluna kanaka o ke kula (26-28).Hoʻokumu mau ʻia nā kūlana wai e ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā mea ʻawaʻawa o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i hoʻokahi a i ʻole kekahi mau ʻano ʻano invertebrate aquatic (e laʻana, Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironomus a me Crustacea: Daphnia magna a me Hyalella azteca).ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o kēia mau mea ola hoʻāʻo i ka mahi ʻana ma mua o nā macroinvertebrates benthic ʻē aʻe (e laʻa, phe genus::), a i kekahi mau mea ʻaʻole i maʻalahi i nā mea haumia.No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o D. Magna i nā metala he nui ma mua o kekahi mau pepeke, ʻoiai ʻo A. zteca ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi i ka pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin ma mua o kona ʻike i nā ilo (29, 30).ʻO kekahi palena ʻē aʻe o nā pae ʻāina i kēia manawa ʻo ia nā helu hope i hoʻohana ʻia i ka helu ʻana.Hoʻokumu ʻia nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi i ka make (a i ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no nā crustaceans), ʻoiai ʻo nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau e hoʻokumu ʻia ma nā sublethal endpoints (e like me ka ulu a me ka hana hou ʻana) (inā loaʻa).Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa nā hopena sublethal ākea, e like me ka ulu ʻana, ka puka ʻana, ka lolo, a me ka lohi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka kūleʻa o ka ʻauhau a me ka hoʻoikaika kaiāulu.ʻO ka hopena, ʻoiai ke hāʻawi nei ka benchmark i kahi kumu no ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ka hopena, ʻaʻole maopopo ka pili o ke kaiaola ma ke ʻano he paepae no ka ʻona.
I mea e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ai i ka hopena o nā pūhui fipronil ma nā kaiaola wai benthic (invertebrates a me nā algae), ua lawe ʻia nā kaiāulu benthic maoli i loko o ke keʻena hana a ʻike ʻia i nā gradients noʻonoʻo i ka wā 30-lā kahe Fipronil a i ʻole kekahi o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻohaʻahaʻa fipronil ʻehā.ʻO ka pahuhopu noiʻi ʻo ia ka hoʻopuka ʻana i kahi ʻano kikoʻī 50% ka hopena hopena (waiwai EC50) no kēlā me kēia pūhui fipronil e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻauhau ākea o kahi kaiāulu muliwai, a e hoʻoholo i ka hopena o nā mea haumia i ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hana o ke kaiāulu [ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka pōʻino] 5 % o nā ʻano mea i hoʻopili ʻia (HC5) a me nā hopena kūwaho e like me ka hoʻololi ʻia ʻana a me ka trophic dynamics].A laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ka paepae (huihui HC5 kikoʻī) i loaʻa mai ka hoʻokolohua mesoscopic i ke kahua i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka United States Geological Survey (USGS) mai nā ʻāpana ʻelima o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Northeast, Hikina Hema, Midwest, Northwest Pacific, a me Central California. ʻIkepili ʻĀpana Kai) ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka loiloi ʻano kahawai kahawai USGS (https://webapps.usgs.gov/rsqa/#!/).E like me kā mākou e ʻike ai, ʻo kēia ka loiloi mua o ka pilikia ékological.Ke noiʻi piha nei ia i nā hopena o nā pūhui fipronil i nā mea ola benthic i loko o ka meso-environment i hoʻomalu ʻia, a laila e hoʻopili i kēia mau hopena i nā loiloi kahua kontinental-scale.
Ua mālama ʻia ka hoʻokolohua mesocosmic 30 lā ma ka USGS Aquatic Laboratory (AXL) ma Fort Collins, Colorado, USA mai ʻOkakopa 18th a Nowemapa 17th, 2017, no 1 lā o ka home a me 30 mau lā o ka hoʻokolohua.Ua wehewehe mua ʻia ke ʻano hana (29, 31) a kikoʻī ʻia i ka mea hoʻohui.Aia i loko o ka ho'onohonoho kaapuni meso he 36 kahe ka'apuni i loko o nā kahe hana 'ehā (nā pahu wai ka'apuni).Hoʻolako ʻia kēlā me kēia kahawai ola me kahi mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa no ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana o ka wai a hoʻomālamalama ʻia me kahi pōʻaiapuni māmā-ʻeleʻele 16:8.ʻO ke kahe o ka meso-level he kila kila, kahi kūpono no ka hydrophobicity o fipronil (log Kow = 4.0) a kūpono i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe organik (Figure S1).ʻO ka wai i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻokolohua meso-scale ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka muliwai ʻo Cache La Poudre (nā kumu uka me ka Rocky Mountain National Park, National Forest and Continental Divide) a mālama ʻia i loko o nā pahu mālama polyethylene ʻehā o AXL.ʻAʻole loaʻa nā pesticides (29) i nā loiloi mua o ka sediment a me ka wai i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ke kahua.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā hoʻokolohua meso-scale he 30 mau kahawai hana a me 6 mau kahawai mana.Loaʻa i ke kahawai mālama ka wai i mālama ʻia, ʻo kēlā me kēia o ia mau mea i loaʻa i ka ʻike mau ʻole o nā pūhui fipronil: fipronil (fipronil (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 120068-37-3), amide (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 205650-69-7), hui desulfurization [US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Pesticide Library, CAS 205650-65-3], sulfone (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 120068-37-2) a me ka sulfide (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 120067-83-6); maʻemaʻe a pau ≥ 97.8%. E like me nā waiwai pane i paʻi ʻia (7, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 25, 32, 33). Ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka pūhui fipronil i loko o ka methanol (Thermo Fisher Scientific, American Chemical Society certification level), a dilute. me ka wai deionized i ka leo i makemakeia no ka hoomakaukau ana i ka wai hooluolu. No ka mea, he okoa ka nui o ka methanol i loko o ka nui, pono e hoonui i ka methanol i na kahawai lapaau a pau e like me ka mea e pono ai. I na hooponopono ekolu, e hooiaio i ka manao like methanol ( 0.05 ml/L) i loko o nā kahawai ʻO ka ʻike waena o nā kahawai hoʻomalu ʻē aʻe i loaʻa ka wai kahawai me ka methanol ʻole, i ʻole e mālama ʻia lākou e like me nā kahawai ʻē aʻe.
Ma ka lā 8, ka lā 16 a me ka lā 26, ua ana ʻia ka mahana, ka waiwai pH, ka conductivity uila a me ka degradation o fipronil a me fipronil i ka membrane kahe.I mea e ʻike ai i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka fipronil pūhui makua i ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo media, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka fipronil (mākua) e mālama i ka mucosa intestinal wai no nā lā ʻekolu [lā 5, 12 a me 21 (n = 6)] no ka mahana, pH, Conductivity, fipronil a me fipronil degradation sampling.Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā laʻana o ka pesticide ma o kāna kānana ʻana i ka 10 ml o ka wai kahe i loko o kahi hue aniani amber 20 ml ma o ka Whatman 0.7-μm GF/F syringe kānana i hoʻolako ʻia me kahi nila nui.Ua hoʻokuʻu koke ʻia nā laʻana a hoʻouna ʻia i ka USGS National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) ma Lakewood, Colorado, USA no ka nānā ʻana.Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ala i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia o ke ʻano i paʻi ʻia ma mua, ʻo Fipronil a me 4 mau huahana degradation i loko o nā laʻana wai i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka direct aqueous injection (DAI) liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS / MS; Agilent 6495).ʻO ka pae ʻike mea hana (IDL) i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka palena liʻiliʻi calibration e kū ana i ka maʻamau ʻike qualitative;ʻO ka IDL o fipronil he 0.005 μg/L, a ʻo ka IDL o nā fipronil ʻehā ʻē aʻe he 0.001 μg/L.Hāʻawi ka mea hoʻohui i ka wehewehe piha ʻana i nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia no ke ana ʻana i nā pūhui fipronil, me nā kaʻina hana hoʻomalu maikaʻi a me ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻana (e laʻa, hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka laʻana, spikes, nānā ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu, a me nā blanks).
I ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻokolohua Mesocosmic 30 mau lā, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka helu ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea makua a me nā larval invertebrates (ke kumu nui o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili).ʻOhi ʻia nā pākeke e puka mai ana mai ka ʻupena i kēlā me kēia lā a maloʻo i loko o kahi pahu centrifuge 15 ml Falcon maʻemaʻe.I ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻokolohua (lā 30), holoi ʻia nā mea o ka membrane i kēlā me kēia kahawai e wehe i nā invertebrates, a kānana ʻia (250 μm) a mālama ʻia i 80% ethanol.Ua hoʻopau ʻo Timberline Aquatics (Fort Collins, CO) i ka ʻike ʻauhau ʻauhau o nā larvae a me nā invertebrates makua a hiki i ka pae ʻauhau haʻahaʻa loa, maʻamau nā ʻano.Ma nā lā 9, 19 a me 29, ua ana ʻia ka chlorophyll a ma ka ʻekolu i loko o ka membrane mesoscopic o kēlā me kēia kahawai.Hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻikepili kemika a me nā mea ola a pau ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻokolohua mesoscopic ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻikepili e pili pū ana (35).
Ua mālama ʻia nā noiʻi kaiaola ma nā kahawai liʻiliʻi (wading) ma ʻelima mau wahi nui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a ua nānā ʻia nā pesticides i ka wā kuhikuhi mua.I ka pōkole, ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāina mahiʻai a me ke kūlanakauhale (36-40), 77 a 100 mau wahi i koho ʻia ma kēlā me kēia māhele (444 mau wahi i ka huina).I ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela o hoʻokahi makahiki (2013-2017), hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā laʻana wai i hoʻokahi manawa i ka pule ma kēlā me kēia wahi no 4 a 12 mau pule.ʻO ka manawa kikoʻī e pili ana i ka ʻāina a me ka ikaika o ka hoʻomohala ʻana.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā kikowaena 11 ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina hikina kahi kokoke i ka wai.ʻAʻohe hoʻomohala, koe wale nō hoʻokahi laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia.No ka mea, ʻokoʻa nā manawa kiaʻi no nā pesticides ma nā noiʻi kūloko, no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo nā laʻana hope ʻehā wale nō i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma kēlā me kēia kahua e noʻonoʻo ʻia ma ʻaneʻi.Manaʻo ʻia ʻo kahi laʻana hoʻokahi i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma kahi kahua ʻĀkau Hikina i kūkulu ʻole ʻia (n = 11) hiki ke hōʻike i ka manawa hoʻohālike 4-wiki.Ke alakaʻi nei kēia ala i ka helu like o ka nānā ʻana i nā pesticides (koe naʻe nā wahi 11 ma ka Hikina ʻĀkau) a me ka lōʻihi like o ka nānā ʻana;Ua manaʻo ʻia he 4 mau pule ka lōʻihi no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka biota no ka manawa lōʻihi, akā pōkole ʻaʻole e hoʻōla ke kaiāulu kaiaola mai kēia mau pilina.
Inā lawa ka kahe ʻana, e hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka hāpana wai ma o ka wikiwiki mau a me nā hoʻonui ākea mau (41).Ke lawa ʻole ke kahe e hoʻohana i kēia ʻano, hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻiliʻili i nā laʻana ma o ka hoʻohui hohonu ʻana o nā laʻana a i ʻole ka hopu ʻana mai ke kikowaena o ka umekaumaha o ke kahe.E hoʻohana i kahi syringe nui a me kāna kānana disc (0.7μm) e hōʻiliʻili i 10 ml o ka laʻana kānana (42).Ma o DAI LC-MS/MS/MS/MS, ua kālailai ʻia nā laʻana wai ma NWQL no nā pesticides 225 a me nā huahana degradation pesticide, me ka fipronil a me nā huahana degradation 7 (dessulfinyl fipronil, fipronil) Sulfides, fipronil sulfone, deschlorofipronil, desthiol fipronil, amide fipronil a me fipronil).).ʻO nā pae hōʻike haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa maʻamau no nā haʻawina kula: fipronil, desmethylthio fluorobenzonitrile, fipronil sulfide, fipronil sulfone, a me deschlorofipronil 0.004 μg/L;dessulfinyl fluorfenamide a ʻO ka manaʻo o ka fipronil amide he 0.009 μg / lita;ʻO ka nui o ka fipronil sulfonate he 0.096 μg / lita.
Hoʻohālike ʻia nā kaiāulu invertebrate ma ka pau ʻana o kēlā me kēia haʻawina wahi (ke puna/kauwela), maʻamau i ka manawa like me ka hanana laʻana pesticide hope loa.Ma hope o ka ulu ʻana a me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā lāʻau pesticides, pono e kūlike ka manawa hoʻohālike me nā kūlana kahe haʻahaʻa, a pono e hui pū me ka manawa e oʻo ai ke kaiāulu invertebrate o ka muliwai a aia ma ke ʻano o ke ola larval.Ke hoʻohana nei i ka Surber sampler me ka 500μm mesh a i ʻole ka ʻupena D-frame, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka laʻana kaiāulu invertebrate ma 437 mai 444 mau pūnaewele.Ua wehewehe kikoʻī ʻia ke ʻano hana laʻana ma ka mea hoʻohui.Ma NWQL, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā invertebrates āpau a helu ʻia ma ka pae genus a i ʻole ka pae ʻano.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili kemika a me nā mea ola a pau ma kēia kahua a hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manuscript ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka ʻikepili e pili pū ana (35).
No nā pūhui fipronil ʻelima i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻokolohua mesoscopic, ua helu ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o nā invertebrates larval i hoʻemi ʻia e 20% a i ʻole 50% e pili ana i ka mana (ie EC20 a me EC50).Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻikepili [x = ka manawa-kaumaha fipronil (e nānā i nā mea kikoʻī no nā kikoʻī), y = ka nui o ka larval a i ʻole nā ​​ana ʻē aʻe] i hoʻopili ʻia i ka pūʻolo hoʻonui R(43) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano loiloi logarithmic regression ʻekolu "drc".Ua kūpono ka piko i nā ʻano ʻano āpau (larvae) me ka nui a kūpono i nā anana hoihoi ʻē aʻe (no ka laʻana, ka waiwai ʻauhau, ka nui o ka mayfly, a me ka nui o ka nui) no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hopena o ke kaiāulu.Hoʻohana ʻia ka coefficient Nash-Sutcliff (45) no ka loiloi ʻana i ke kumu hoʻohālike, kahi e loaʻa ai i kahi kumu hoʻohālike maikaʻi ʻole nā ​​waiwai maikaʻi ʻole, a ʻo ka waiwai o kahi kūpono kūpono ʻo 1.
No kaʻimiʻana i nā hopena o nā pūhui fipronil i ka pukaʻana o nā'okena i ka hoʻokolohua, ua loiloiʻia kaʻikepili ma nāʻanoʻelua.ʻO ka mea mua, ma ka unuhi ʻana i ka ʻike awelika o ka meso kahe mana mai ke ʻano o kēlā me kēia meso kahe o ka lapaʻau ʻana, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka huina o kēlā me kēia lā o nā iniseti mai kēlā me kēia meso kahe (ka huina o nā kānaka a pau) i maʻamau i ka mana.E hoʻolālā i kēia mau waiwai e kūʻē i ka manawa e hoʻomaopopo ai i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka mediator wai lapaʻau mai ka mediator fluid control i ka hoʻokolohua 30-lā.ʻO ka lua, e helu i ka huina hanana o kēlā me kēia mesophyll kahe, i wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia ka ratio o ka huina o nā mesophylls i hāʻawi ʻia i ke kahe i ka helu awelika o nā larvae a me nā mākua i loko o ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu, a he kūpono ia no ka hoʻihoʻi logarithmic ekolu. .No nā ʻohana ʻelua o ka ʻohana Chironomidae nā ʻiʻo germination a pau, no laila ua hana ʻia kahi loiloi hui.
ʻO nā hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano o ke kaiāulu, e like me ka nalowale ʻana o ka ʻauhau, hiki ke hilinaʻi i ka hopena pololei a me ka ʻole o nā mea ʻawaʻawa, a hiki ke alakaʻi i nā loli i ka hana kaiāulu (e laʻa, trophic cascade).No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka trophic cascade, ua loiloi ʻia kahi pūnaewele kumu maʻalahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano loiloi ala (R package "piecewiseSEM") (46).No nā hoʻokolohua mesoscopic, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfide a me sulfone (ʻaʻole i hoʻāʻo ʻia ka amide) i loko o ka wai e hōʻemi i ka biomass o ka scraper, indirectly alakaʻi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka biomass o chlorophyll a (47).ʻO ka hoʻohuihui ka mea hoʻololi wānana, a ʻo ka scraper a me ka chlorophyll a biomass nā ʻano pane.Hoʻohana ʻia ka helu C Fisher no ka loiloi ʻana i ke kumu hoʻohālike, i hōʻike ʻia kahi waiwai P <0.05 i kahi kūpono kūpono (46).
I mea e hoʻomohala ai i kahi mea hoʻomalu paepae eco-community e pili ana i ka pōʻino, ua loaʻa i kēlā me kēia pūhui he 95% o nā ʻano i hoʻopilikia ʻia (HC5) ka hoʻohele ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano maʻamau (SSD) a me ka pale ʻana i ka pōʻino.ʻEkolu mau pūʻulu ʻikepili SSD i hana ʻia: (i) pūʻulu ʻikepili meso wale nō, (ii) pūʻulu ʻikepili i loaʻa nā ʻikepili meso āpau a me nā ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka hulina waihona EPA ECOTOX (https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox) /, loaʻa ma ʻO Malaki 14, 2019), ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke aʻo ʻana he 4 mau lā a ʻoi aku paha, a (iii) kahi ʻikepili i loaʻa nā ʻikepili mesoscopic āpau a me ka ʻikepili ECOTOX, kahi ʻikepili ECOTOX (acute exposure) i puʻunaue ʻia e ka acute i The ratio of chronic D. magna ( 19.39) no ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa o ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana a kokoke i ka waiwai EC50 mau loa (12).ʻO kā mākou kumu o ka hana ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona SSD he nui, ʻo ia ka (i) hoʻomohala i nā waiwai HC5 no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka ʻikepili kahua (no nā SSD wale nō no ka media), a (ii) e loiloi i ka ʻikepili media i ʻae ʻia ma mua o nā keʻena hoʻoponopono no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka iʻa. ʻO ka paʻa o nā hiʻohiʻona ola a me ka hoʻonohonoho maʻamau o nā kumuwaiwai ʻikepili, a no laila ka practicability o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā haʻawina mesoscopic no ke kaʻina hana hoʻoponopono.
Ua kūkulu ʻia ʻo SSD no kēlā me kēia hoʻonohonoho ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūʻolo R "ssdtools" (48).E hoʻohana i ka bootstrap (n = 10,000) e hoʻohālikelike i ka awelika HC5 a me ka wā hilinaʻi (CI) mai ka SSD.Hoʻohui ʻia nā pane ʻauhau he kanahākūmāiwa (ʻo nā ʻauhau āpau i ʻike ʻia he ʻano a i ʻole ʻano ʻano) i kūkulu ʻia ma o kēia noiʻi ʻana me 32 mau pane ʻauhau i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia mai nā haʻawina ʻeono i paʻi ʻia ma ka waihona ECOTOX, no ka huina o 81 Taxon pane hiki ke hoʻohana no ka hoʻomohala SSD. .No ka mea ʻaʻohe ʻikepili i loaʻa i ka waihona ECOTOX o nā amides, ʻaʻohe SSD i kūkulu ʻia no nā amides a hoʻokahi wale nō pane EC50 i loaʻa mai ka haʻawina o kēia manawa.ʻOiai ua loaʻa ka waiwai EC50 o hoʻokahi pūʻulu sulfide ma ka waihona ECOTOX, he 12 EC50 ko ka haumāna puka o kēia manawa.No laila, ua kūkulu ʻia nā SSD no nā hui sulfinyl.
ʻO nā waiwai HC5 kikoʻī o nā pūhui fipronil i loaʻa mai ka SSD data set o Mesocosmos wale nō i hui pū ʻia me ka ʻikepili kahua e loiloi i ka ʻike a me nā mea ʻona o nā pūhui fipronil i nā kahawai 444 mai ʻelima mau ʻāina i United States.Ma ka pukaaniani la'ana 4 pule hope loa, ua puunaueia kela a me keia ne'e ana o ka fipronil pūhui i 'ike 'ia ('a'ole i 'ike 'ia) e kona HC5 pono'ī, a ua hui 'ia ka ratio hui o kēlā me kēia hāpana no ka loa'a 'ana o ka hui 'ona o fipronil (ΣTUFipronils), kahi. ΣTUFipronils> 1 ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea ʻawaʻawa.
Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka 50% o nā ʻano mea i hoʻopilikia ʻia (HC50) me ka waiwai EC50 o ka waiwai ʻauhau i loaʻa mai ka hoʻokolohua membrane medium, ua loiloi ʻia ka SSD i loaʻa mai ka ʻikepili membrane medium e hōʻike i ka naʻau o ke kaiāulu ākea ākea i ka fipronil. degere..Ma o kēia hoʻohālikelike, hiki ke loiloi ʻia ka kūlike ma waena o ke ʻano SSD (me nā ʻauhau wale nō me kahi pilina dose-pane) a me ke ʻano EC50 (me nā ʻauhau kūʻokoʻa a pau i ʻike ʻia ma ke kikowaena waena) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano EC50 o ke ana ʻana i ka waiwai ʻauhau.ʻO ka pilina pane dose.
Ua helu ʻia kahi hōʻailona hōʻailona pesticide (SPEARpesticides) e noiʻi i ka pilina ma waena o ke kūlana olakino o nā kaiāulu invertebrate a me ΣTUFipronil ma 437 mau kahawai hōʻiliʻili invertebrate.Hoʻololi ka SPEARpesticides metric i ka haku mele ʻana o nā invertebrates i metric nui no ka taxonomy biological me nā hiʻohiʻona physiological a me ke kaiaola.ʻAʻole paʻakikī ka hōʻailona SPEARpesticides i nā covariates kūlohelohe (49, 50), ʻoiai e hoʻopilikia ʻia kāna hana e ka hōʻino ʻana o ka nohona nui (51).Hoʻohui ʻia ka ʻikepili nui i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka pūnaewele no kēlā me kēia ʻauhau me ka waiwai nui o ka ʻauhau e pili ana i ka polokalamu ASTERICS e loiloi i ka maikaʻi kaiaola o ka muliwai (https://gewaesser-bewertung-berechnung.de/index.php/home . html).A laila e hoʻokomo i ka ʻikepili i loko o ka polokalamu Indicate (http://systemecology.eu/indicate/) (version 18.05).I loko o kēia polokalamu, hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻikepili ʻano ʻEulopa a me ka waihona me ka physiological sensitivity i nā pesticides e hoʻololi i ka ʻikepili o kēlā me kēia pūnaewele i SPEARpesticides indicator.Ua hoʻohana kēlā me kēia haʻawina ʻāpana ʻelima i ka General Additive Model (GAM) ["mgcv" ma R(52)) e ʻimi i ka pilina ma waena o ka SPEARpesticides metric a me ΣTUFipronils [log10(X + 1) hoʻololi] Pili.No ka ʻike kikoʻī hou aku e pili ana i nā metric SPEARpesticides a no ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻikepili, e ʻoluʻolu e ʻike i nā Mea Hoʻohui.
Kūlike ka helu helu wai i kēlā me kēia kahe mesoscopic a me ka manawa hoʻokolohua mesoscopic holoʻokoʻa.ʻO ka maʻamau maʻamau, pH a me ka conductivity he 13.1 ° C (± 0.27 ° C), 7.8 (± 0.12) a me 54.1 (± 2.1) μS / cm (35).He 3.1 mg/L ke kalapona kalapona i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai kahawai maʻemaʻe.Ma ka meso-view o ka muliwai kahi i kau ʻia ai ka MiniDOT recorder, ua kokoke ka oxygen dissolved i ka saturation (average> 8.0 mg / L), e hōʻike ana ua holo piha ke kahawai.
Hāʻawi ʻia ka mana o ka maikaʻi a me ka ʻikepili hōʻoia maikaʻi ma ka fipronil ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka ʻikepili e pili pū ana (35).ʻO ka pōkole, ʻo nā helu hoʻihoʻi o nā spike matrix matrix a me nā laʻana mesoscopic maʻamau i loko o nā pae e ʻae ʻia (nā hoʻihoʻi ʻana o 70% a 130%), hōʻoia nā kūlana IDL i ke ʻano quantitative, a maʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe nā mea hana a me nā mea hana. ua kūkākūkā ʻia kēia mau ʻōlelo hoʻolaha ma ka mea hoʻohui..
Ma muli o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke ana ʻana o ka fipronil ma mua o ke kumu waiwai (Figure S2) (no ka mea he 4 a 10 mau lā e hiki ai i kahi kūlana paʻa ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono) (30).Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā pūhui fipronil ʻē aʻe, hoʻololi liʻiliʻi ke ʻano o ka desulfinyl a me ka amide i ka manawa, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka mālama ʻana ma mua o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā lāʻau koe wale nō ka mālama haʻahaʻa o ka sulfone a me ka sulfide.ʻO ka awelika o ka manawa i ana ʻia no kēlā me kēia hui lapaʻau penei: Fipronil, IDL i 9.07μg/L;Desulfinyl, IDL i ka 2.15μg / L;Amide, IDL i 4.17μg/L;Sulfide, IDL I ka 0.57μg / lita;a me ka sulfone, IDL he 1.13μg/lita (35).I kekahi mau kahawai, ua ʻike ʻia nā pūhui fipronil non-target, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā pūhui i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia i loko o kahi lapaʻau kikoʻī, akā ua ʻike ʻia he mau huahana degradation o ka pūhui lapaʻau.ʻO nā membrane mesoscopic i mālama ʻia me ka fipronil pūhui makua ka helu kiʻekiʻe loa o nā huahana hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻole i ʻike ʻia (inā ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he pūhui hana, he sulfinyl, amide, sulfide a me sulfone);ma muli paha o ke kaʻina hana Hoʻohui ʻia nā mea haumia a/a i ʻole nā ​​kaʻina hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana i ka hopena waiwai a (a i ʻole) i ka hoʻokolohua mesoscopic ma mua o ka hopena o ka hoʻohaumia kea.ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ka fipronil.ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā pūhui hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ke kino me ka ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mālama ʻana, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka neʻe ʻana o kēia mau pūhui kumu ʻole (e ʻike i ka ʻāpana aʻe no ka ʻike).No laila, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i ʻike pinepine ʻia nā pūhui hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka lāʻau fipronil haʻahaʻa loa, a no ka mea ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻike i ʻike ʻia ma mua o ka hopena o ka hopena ma ka mālama kiʻekiʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia he liʻiliʻi ka hopena o kēia mau pūhui non-target i ka nānā ʻana.
Ma nā hoʻokolohua media, ua maʻalahi nā macroinvertebrates benthic i ka fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone, a me ka sulfide [Table S1;Hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻikepili kumu mua ma ka mana ʻikepili (35)].ʻO Fipronil amide wale nō no ka lele Rhithrogena sp.ʻO ka ʻawaʻawa (fatal), ʻo kāna EC50 he 2.05μg/L [±10.8(SE)].Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻāpana-pane o 15 ʻauhau kūʻokoʻa.Ua hōʻike kēia ʻauhau i ka make i loko o ka pae hoʻonaʻauao i hoʻāʻo ʻia (S1 S1), a me nā ʻauhau huikau i manaʻo ʻia (e like me nā lele) (Figure S3) a me ka ʻauhau waiwai (Figure 1) Ua hana ʻia kahi ʻāpana pane pane.ʻO ka manaʻo (EC50) o fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone a me ka sulfide ma ka ʻauhau kūʻokoʻa o ka ʻauhau koʻikoʻi loa mai 0.005-0.364, 0.002-0.252, 0.002-0.061 a me 0.005-0.043μg/L, kēlā me kēia.Rhithrogena sp.A me Sweltsa sp.;He haʻahaʻa ke kiʻi S4) ma mua o ka ʻauhau i ʻae ʻia (e like me Micropsectra / Tanytarsus a me Lepidostoma sp.) (Table S1).E like me ka awelika EC50 o kēlā me kēia pūhui ma ka Papa S1, ʻo nā sulfones a me nā sulfides ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pūhui, ʻoiai ʻo ka invertebrates ka mea maʻamau ka liʻiliʻi loa i ka desulfinyl (koe ka amides).ʻO nā ana o ke kūlana kaiaola holoʻokoʻa, e like me ka waiwai ʻauhau, ka nui o ka nui, ka huina pentaploid a me ka lele pōhaku holoʻokoʻa, me ka ʻauhau a me ka nui o kekahi ʻauhau, he mea kakaikahi kēia i ka meso a ʻaʻole hiki ke helu ʻia.No laila, ʻo kēia mau hōʻailona kaiaola e pili ana i nā pane ʻauhau ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka SSD.
ʻO ka waiwai ʻauhau (larva) me kahi hana logistic ʻekolu pae o (A) fipronil, (B) desulfinyl, (C) sulfone, a me (D) sulfide hoʻopaʻa ʻana.Hōʻike kēlā me kēia helu ʻikepili i nā larvae mai kahi kahawai hoʻokahi i ka hopena o ka hoʻokolohua meso 30 lā.ʻO ka waiwai ʻauhau ka helu o nā ʻauhau kūʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia kahawai.ʻO ke kumu kūʻai ka awelika manawa-kaumaha o ka ʻike ʻia o kēlā me kēia kahawai i ana ʻia ma ka hopena o ka hoʻokolohua 30 lā.ʻAʻole pili ka Fipronil amide (ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia) me ka ʻauhau waiwai.E ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomaopopo ʻia aia ka axis-x ma ka pālākiō logarithmic.Hōʻike ʻia ʻo EC20 a me EC50 me SE ma ka Papa S1.
Ma ka heluna kiʻekiʻe loa o nā pūhui fipronil ʻelima, ua hōʻole ka nui o ka puka ʻana o Uetridae.Ua ʻike ʻia ka pākēneka o ka germination (EC50) o ka sulfide, sulfone, fipronil, amide a me desulfinyl i ka emi ʻana o 50% ma nā ʻāpana o 0.03, 0.06, 0.11, 0.78 a me 0.97μg / L (Figure 2 a me S5).Ma ka hapa nui o na hoao ana he 30 la, ua hookauluaia na lapaau a pau o ka fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone a me sulfide, koe wale no kekahi mau lapaau haahaa (Figure 2), a ua paleia ko lakou helehelena.I loko o ka amide lapaʻau, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka effluent i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka wā o ka hoʻokolohua holoʻokoʻa ma mua o ka mana o ka mana, me ka manaʻo o 0.286μg/lita.ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe loa (4.164μg / lita) i ka wā o ka hoʻokolohua holoʻokoʻa i kāohi i ka effluent, a ua like ka nui o ka effluent o ka lāʻau waena me ka hui hoʻomalu.(helu 2).
ʻO ka puka kumulative ka awelika o ka puka ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā o kēlā me kēia lapaʻau i hoʻemi ʻia (A) fipronil, (B) desulfinyl, (C) sulfone, (D) sulfide a me (E) amide i loko o ke kahawai hoʻomalu ʻO ka awelika o kēlā me kēia lā ka puka ʻana o ka membrane.Koe wale no ka mana (n = 6), n = 1. ʻO ke kumu kūʻai ka awelika manawa-kaumaha o ka ʻike i ʻike ʻia i kēlā me kēia kahe.
Hōʻike ka ʻōkuhi dose-pane, i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā poho taxonomic, nā hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano o ke kaiāulu.Ma ke kiko'ī, i loko o ka laulā ho'āʻo, ua hōʻike ka nui o ka mei (Figure S3) a me ka nui o ka ʻauhau (Figure 1) i nā pilina pane nui me fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone, a me sulfide.No laila, ua ʻimi mākou pehea e alakaʻi ai kēia mau hoʻololi i nā loli i ka hana kaiāulu ma o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka cascade meaʻai.ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā invertebrates aquatic i ka fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfide a me sulfone he hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka biomass o ka scraper (Figure 3).I mea e hoʻomalu ai i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka fipronil ma ka biomass o ka mea ʻōpala, ua hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻia ka mea ʻōpala i ka chlorophyll a biomass (Figure 3).ʻO ka hopena o kēia mau ala ala maikaʻi ʻole ka piʻi ʻana o ka chlorophyll a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka fipronil a me nā mea hoʻohaumia.Hōʻike kēia mau hiʻohiʻona ala i hoʻopili piha ʻia i ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka fipronil a i ʻole fipronil e alakaʻi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka chlorophyll a (Figure 3).Ua manaʻo mua ʻia ʻo ka hopena pololei ma waena o ka fipronil a i ʻole ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana a me ka chlorophyll a biomass he zero, no ka mea, he pesticides nā pūhui fipronil a he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i nā algae (no ka laʻana, ʻo ka EPA acute non-vascular plant baseline concentration he 100μg / L fipronil, hui disulfoxide, sulfone a me ka sulfide; https://epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/aquatic-life-benchmarks-and-ecological-risk), Kākoʻo nā hualoaʻa a pau (nā kumu hoʻohālike kūpono) i kēia. kuhiakau.
Hiki i ka Fipronil ke hoʻemi nui i ka biomass (hopena pololei) o ka ʻai ʻana (ʻo ka hui scraper he larvae), akā ʻaʻohe hopena pololei i ka biomass o chlorophyll a.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hopena ikaika o ka fipronil e hoʻonui i ka biomass o ka chlorophyll a i ka pane ʻana i ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻai.Hōʻike ka pua i ka huina ala maʻamau, a ʻo ka hōʻailona hōʻemi (-) hōʻike i ke kuhikuhi o ka hui.* Hōʻike i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea nui.
ʻO nā SSD ʻekolu (ka papa waena wale nō, ka papa waena a me ka ʻikepili ECOTOX, a me ka ʻaoʻao waena a me ka ʻikepili ECOTOX i hoʻoponopono ʻia no nā ʻokoʻa o ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana) i hana i nā waiwai HC5 ʻokoʻa (Table S3), akā aia nā hopena i loko o ka pae SE.Ma ke koena o kēia haʻawina, e nānā mākou i ka SSD data me ka meso universe a me ka waiwai HC5 pili.No ka wehewehe piha ʻana i kēia mau loiloi SSD ʻekolu, e ʻoluʻolu e nānā i nā mea hoʻohui (Nā Papa S2 a i S5 a me nā Kiʻi S6 a me S7).ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻikepili kūpono loa (nā helu maʻamau Akaike ʻike haʻahaʻa) o nā pūhui fipronil ʻehā (Figure 4) i hoʻohana wale ʻia ma ka palapala SSD meso-solid ʻo ia ka log-gumbel o fipronil a me sulfone, a me ka weibull o sulfide A desulfurized γ ( Papa S3).Hōʻike ʻia nā waiwai HC5 i loaʻa no kēlā me kēia hui ma ke Kiʻi 4 no ke ao holoʻokoʻa meso wale nō, a ma ka Papa S3 ua hōʻike ʻia nā waiwai HC5 mai nā pūʻulu data SSD ʻekolu.ʻO nā waiwai HC50 o nā hui fipronil, sulfide, sulfone a me desulfinyl [22.1±8.78 ng/L (95% CI, 11.4 a 46.2), 16.9±3.38 ng/L (95% CI, 11.2 a 24.0), 8.80±. 2.66 ng/L (95% CI, 5.44 a 15.8) a me 83.4 ± 32.9 ng/L (95% CI, 36.4 a hiki i 163)] He emi loa keia mau puhui ma mua o ka waiwai auhau EC50 (ka huina o ka auhau kūikawā) (Papa S1 ; ʻo nā memo i loko o ka pākaukau mea hoʻohui he micrograms no ka lita).
Ma ka hoʻokolohua meso-scale, ke hōʻike ʻia i (A) fipronil, (B) dessulfinyl fipronil, (C) fipronil sulfone, (D) fipronil sulfide no 30 mau lā, ua wehewehe ʻia ka naʻau o nā ʻano ʻO ia ka waiwai EC50 o ka taxon.ʻO ka laina polū polū e hōʻike ana i ka 95% CI.ʻO ka laina hoʻokaʻawale ākea e hōʻike ana iā HC5.ʻO ka waiwai HC5 (ng / L) o kēlā me kēia hui penei: Fipronil, 4.56 ng / L (95% CI, 2.59 a 10.2);Sulfide, 3.52 ng/L (1.36 a hiki i 9.20);Sulfone, 2.86 ng/ Litera (1.93 a 5.29);a me sulfinyl, 3.55 ng/lita (0.35 a 28.4).E ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomaopopo ʻia aia ka axis-x ma ka pālākiō logarithmic.
I loko o nā haʻawina ʻāpana ʻelima, ʻike ʻia ʻo Fipronil (mākua) ma 22% o nā 444 mau wahi laʻana kahua (Papa 1).ʻO ke alapine ʻike o florfenib, sulfone a me amide ka mea like (18% a 22% o ka hāpana), ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻike ʻana o ka sulfide a me ka desulfinyl (11% a 13%), ʻoiai ke kiʻekiʻe loa nā huahana degradation i koe.Kakaikahi (1% a emi mai) a i ole i ikeia (Papa 1)..ʻIke pinepine ʻia ka Fipronil ma ka hikina hema (52% o nā pūnaewele) a me ka liʻiliʻi loa ma ke komohana ʻākau (9% o nā pūnaewele), e hōʻike ana i ka ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka benzopyrazole a me ka nāwaliwali o ke kahawai ma ka ʻāina.Hōʻike pinepine nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻāpana like, me ka alapine ʻike kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka hikina hikina a me ka haʻahaʻa loa ma ke komohana ʻākau a i ʻole Kaleponi.ʻO ke ana ʻana o ka fipronil ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa, a ukali ʻia e ka fipronil hui makua (90% pākēneka o 10.8 a me 6.3 ng/L, kēlā me kēia) (Table 1) (35).ʻO ka manaʻo kiʻekiʻe loa o ka fipronil (61.4 ng / L), disulfinyl (10.6 ng / L) a me ka sulfide (8.0 ng / L) i hoʻoholo ʻia ma ka hikina hema (i nā pule ʻehā hope o ka hāpana).Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe o ka sulfone ma ke komohana.(15.7 ng/L), amide (42.7 ng/L), dessulfinyl flupirnamide (14 ng/L) a me fipronil sulfonate (8.1 ng/L) (35).ʻO Florfenide sulfone wale nō ka pūhui i ʻike ʻia ma mua o HC5 (Table 1).ʻOkoʻa loa ka awelika ΣTUFipronils ma waena o nā ʻāpana like ʻole (Papa 1).ʻO ka awelika ΣTUFipronils aupuni he 0.62 (nā wahi a pau, nā ʻāpana āpau), a he 71 mau kahua (16%) i loaʻa iā ΣTUFipronils> 1, e hōʻike ana he mea ʻona paha ia i nā macroinvertebrates benthic.Ma ʻehā o nā ʻāpana ʻelima i aʻo ʻia (koe wale ka Midwest), aia kahi pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o SPEARpesticides a me ΣTUFipronil, me ka R2 i hoʻoponopono ʻia mai ka 0.07 ma kahakai o Kaleponi a i ka 0.34 ma ka hikina hema (Figure 5).
* Nā mea hoʻohui i hoʻohana ʻia i nā hoʻokolohua mesoscopic.†ΣTUFipronils, ka median o ka huina o na mea toxin [nānā kahua kahua o eha fipronil pūhui/pilikia pilikia o kēlā me kēia pūhui mai ka hapalima pakeneka o ka SSD-i ma'i 'ia (Figure 4)] No nā laʻana pule o fipronil, ka hope 4. Ua helu ʻia nā pule o nā lāʻau pesticide i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma kēlā me kēia kahua.‡Ka helu o nā wahi e ana ʻia ai nā pesticides.§ Hoʻokumu ʻia ka 90th percentile ma ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe loa i ʻike ʻia ma ka pūnaewele i nā pule he 4 hope loa o ka laʻana o nā pesticide.me ka pākēneka o nā laʻana i hoʻāʻo ʻia.¶ E hoʻohana i ka 95% CI o ka waiwai HC5 (Figure 4 a me ka Papa S3, meso wale nō) no ka helu ʻana i ka CI.Ua nānā ʻia ʻo Dechloroflupinib ma nā wahi āpau a ʻaʻole i loaʻa.ND, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia.
ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻawaʻawa ʻo Fipronil ke ana ʻana o ka fipronil i puʻunaue ʻia e ka waiwai HC5 kikoʻī pūhui, i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka SSD i loaʻa mai ka hoʻokolohua media (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 4).Laina ʻeleʻele, hoʻohālike hoʻohui ākea (GAM).He CI o 95% ka laina ʻulaʻula no GAM.Hoʻololi ʻia ʻo ΣTUFipronils i log10 (ΣTUFipronils+1).
Ua kākau maikaʻi ʻia nā hopena ʻino o ka fipronil ma luna o nā ʻano wai ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia (15, 21, 24, 25, 32, 33), akā ʻo kēia ka haʻawina mua i maʻalahi i loko o kahi kaiapuni hoʻomalu.Ua ʻike ʻia nā kaiāulu o ka ʻauhau i nā pūhui fipronil, a ua hoʻonui ʻia nā hopena ma ka pae ʻāina.Hiki i nā hopena o ka hoʻokolohua mesocosmic 30 lā ke hana i nā pūʻulu insect aquatic discrete (Table S1) me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia i loko o ka palapala, i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe i loko o ka waihona meaʻawaʻawa e hōʻike ʻia (53, 54).Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōkuhi pane ʻauhau kikoʻī (e like me EC50) i nā loli o ke kaiāulu (e like me ka waiwai ʻauhau a lele i ka nui o ka poho) a me nā loli hana (e like me nā cascades nutritional a me nā loli i ka helehelena).Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hopena o ka honua mesoscopic i ke kahua.I loko o ʻehā o nā wahi noiʻi ʻelima ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻike ʻana o ka fipronil i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka emi ʻana o ka kaiaola wai i ka wai kahe.
ʻO ka waiwai HC5 o 95% o nā ʻano i loko o ka hoʻokolohua membrane medium he hopena pale, e hōʻike ana i ka nui o nā kaiāulu invertebrate aquatic i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā pūhui fipronil ma mua o ka ʻike mua ʻia.ʻO ka waiwai HC5 i loaʻa (florfenib, 4.56 ng / lita; desulfoxirane, 3.55 ng / lita; sulfone, 2.86 ng / lita; sulfide, 3.52 ng / lita) he mau manawa (florfenib) i ʻekolu manawa ʻOi aku ma mua o kahi kauoha o ka nui (desulfinyl). ) ma lalo o ka EPA o kēia manawa ka hōʻailona hōʻailona invertebrate [fipronil, 11 ng/lita;desulfinyl, 10,310 ng / lita;sulfone, 37 ng/lita;a me ka sulfide, no ka 110 ng/lita (8)].Ua ʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua Mesoscopic i nā hui he nui i pili i ka fipronil ma kahi o nā mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka EPA chronic invertebrate benchmark (4 mau pūʻulu i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka fipronil, 13 pairs desulfinyl, 11 pairs of sulfone a me 13 pairs) Sulfide sensitivity) (Figure 4 a me papaʻaina) S1).Hōʻike kēia ʻaʻole hiki i nā benchmarks ke pale i kekahi mau ʻano i ʻike ʻia ma waena o ka honua, i laha pū ʻia i nā kaiaola wai.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kā mākou hopena a me ka pae hoʻohālikelike o kēia manawa ma muli o ka nele o ka ʻikepili hoʻāʻo ʻona o ka fipronil e pili ana i kahi ʻano o ka ʻauhau insect aquatic, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa i ʻoi aku ma mua o 4 mau lā a hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka fipronil.I loko o ka hoʻokolohua mesocosmic 30 mau lā, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka nui o nā iniseti i loko o ke kaiāulu invertebrate i ka fipronil ma mua o ka mea hoʻāʻo maʻamau ʻo Aztec (crustacean), ʻoiai ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka Aztec.(ʻO 96 mau hola) i ka manawa hoʻolaha mau (Figure S7).Ua loaʻa ka manaʻo ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma waena o ka hoʻokolohua membrane medium a me ka haʻawina i hōʻike ʻia ma ECOTOX me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka organism hoʻāʻo maʻamau ʻo Chironomus dilutus (he pepeke).ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka pili pono ʻana o nā pepeke wai i nā pesticides.Me ka hoʻololi ʻole i ka manawa hōʻike, ua hōʻike ka hoʻokolohua meso-scale a me ka ʻikepili piha o ka waihona ECOTOX he nui nā ʻauhau i ʻike ʻia e ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā pūhui fipronil ma mua o Clostridium diluted (Figure S6).Eia nō naʻe, ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka manawa hōʻike, ʻo Dilution Clostridium ka mea maʻalahi loa i ka fipronil (makua) a me ka sulfide, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia e maʻalahi i ka sulfone (Figure S7).Hōʻike kēia mau hualoaʻa i ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā ʻano mea ola wai he nui (me nā inike he nui) e hana i nā ʻano pesticide maoli e hiki ke pale i nā mea ola wai.
Hiki i ke ʻano SSD ke pale aku i ka ʻauhau ʻokoʻa a i ʻole ka ʻike ʻole ʻia ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ka EC50, e like me Cinygmula sp., Isoperla fulva a me Brachycentrus americanus.ʻO nā waiwai EC50 o ka ʻauhau nui a lele paha i ka nui e hōʻike ana i nā loli i ka hui kaiaulu e kūlike me nā waiwai HC50 o ka SSD o fipronil, sulfone a me sulfide.Kākoʻo ka protocol i kēia manaʻo: ʻO ke ʻano SSD i hoʻohana ʻia no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā paepae hiki ke pale aku i ke kaiāulu holoʻokoʻa, me ka ʻauhau ʻokoʻa a ʻike ʻole paha i ke kaiāulu.ʻAʻole lawa ka paepae o nā mea ola wai i hoʻoholo ʻia mai nā SSD e pili ana i nā ʻauhau liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ka ʻauhau insensitive i ka pale ʻana i nā kaiaola wai.ʻO kēia ka hihia no desulfinyl (Figure S6B).Ma muli o ka nele o ka ʻikepili i ka waihona ECOTOX, ʻo ka EPA chronic invertebrate baseline concentration he 10,310 ng / L, ʻehā mau kauoha o ka nui ma mua o ka 3.55 ng / L o HC5.ʻO nā hopena o nā pūʻulu pane ʻauhau ʻokoʻa i hana ʻia i nā hoʻokolohua mesoscopic.ʻO ka nele o ka ʻikepili ʻona he pilikia nui ia no nā pūhui degradable (Figure S6), hiki ke wehewehe i ke kumu o ka sulfone a me ka sulfide i kēia manawa ma kahi o 15 a 30 mau manawa liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka waiwai SSD HC5 e pili ana i ka China Universe.ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi o ke ʻano membrane medium ʻo ia ka hiki ke hoʻoholo i nā helu EC50 he nui i hoʻokahi hoʻokolohua, lawa ia e hana i kahi SSD piha (no ka laʻana, desulfinyl; Kiʻi 4B a me nā kiʻi S6B a me S7B), a he hopena koʻikoʻi. ma ka ʻauhau kūlohelohe o ka kaiaola mālama ʻia Nā pane he nui.
Hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua Mesoscopic e loaʻa i ka fipronil a me kāna mau mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā hopena sublethal a pololei ʻole i ka hana kaiāulu.Ma ka hoʻokolohua mesoscopic, ua ʻike ʻia nā pūhui fipronil ʻelima a pau e pili ana i ka puka ʻana mai o nā inike.ʻO nā hopena o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana ma waena o nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (ka pale a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka puka ʻana o kēlā me kēia kanaka a i ʻole nā ​​loli i ka manawa o ka puka ʻana) e kūlike me nā hopena i hōʻike mua ʻia o nā hoʻokolohua meso me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka insecticide bifenthrin (29).Hāʻawi ka puka ʻana o nā pākeke i nā hana kaiaola koʻikoʻi a hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia e nā mea haumia e like me fipronil (55, 56).ʻAʻole koʻikoʻi ka puka like ʻana no ka hoʻohua ʻana o nā pepeke a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, akā, no ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā iniseti oʻo, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i meaʻai no nā holoholona wai a me ka honua (56).ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka puka ʻana mai o nā mea kanu hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā meaʻai ma waena o nā kaiaola wai a me nā kaiaola kahawai, a hoʻolaha i nā hopena o nā mea haumia i loko o nā kaiaola honua (55, 56).ʻO ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā mea ʻokiʻoki (nā ʻōpala ʻai algae) i ʻike ʻia ma ka hoʻokolohua meso-scale ka hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā algae, kahi i hoʻonui ai i ka chlorophyll a (Figure 3).Hoʻololi kēia cascade trophic i ke kalapona a me ka nitrogen i loko o ka pūnaewele meaʻai wai, e like me kahi noiʻi i loiloi i nā hopena o ka pyrethroid bifenthrin ma nā kaiāulu benthic (29).No laila, hiki i nā phenylpyrazoles, e like me fipronil a me kāna mau mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa, pyrethroids, a me nā ʻano insecticides ʻē aʻe paha, hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka piʻi ʻana o ka biomass algal a me ka hoʻopilikia ʻana o ke kalapona a me ka nitrogen i nā kahawai liʻiliʻi.Hiki i nā hopena ʻē aʻe ke hoʻonui i ka luku ʻana i nā pōʻai kalapona a me ka nitrogen ma waena o nā kaiaola wai a me ka honua.
ʻO ka ʻike i loaʻa mai ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka membrane medium e hiki ai iā mākou ke loiloi i ka pili o ka ékological o ka hui pū ʻana o fipronil i ana ʻia i nā haʻawina kula nui i hana ʻia ma ʻelima mau ʻāina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.Ma nā kahawai liʻiliʻi 444, ʻoi aku ka 17% o ka neʻe ʻana o hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pūhui fipronil (awelika ma mua o 4 mau pule) ma mua o ka waiwai HC5 i loaʻa mai ka hoʻāʻo media.E hoʻohana i ka SSD mai ka hoʻokolohua meso-scale e hoʻololi i ke ana ʻana o ka pūhui fipronil i loko o kahi papa kuhikuhi pili i nā mea ʻawaʻawa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka huina o nā ʻāpana ʻona (ΣTUFipronils).Hōʻike ka waiwai o ka 1 i ka ʻawaʻawa a i ʻole ka hōʻike ʻana o ka hui fipronil ma mua o ka pale i ʻike ʻia ʻO 95%.ʻO ka pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o ΣTUFipronil ma ʻehā o nā ʻāpana ʻelima a me ka hōʻailona SPEARpesticides o ke olakino kaiāulu invertebrate e hōʻike ana e hiki i ka fipronil ke hoʻopilikia i nā kaiāulu invertebrate benthic ma nā muliwai ma nā wahi he nui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.Kākoʻo kēia mau hopena i ke kuhiakau o Wolfram et al.(3) ʻAʻole maopopo loa ka pilikia o ka phenpyrazole insecticides i ka wai ʻili ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no ka mea, aia ka hopena i nā inike wai ma lalo o ka paepae hoʻoponopono o kēia manawa.
Aia ka hapa nui o nā kahawai me ka fipronil ma luna o ka pae ʻawaʻawa ma ka ʻāina hikina hema o ke kūlanakauhale (https://webapps.usgs.gov/rsqa/#!/region/SESQA).ʻAʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia ka loiloi mua o ia wahi ʻo ka fipronil ke koʻikoʻi nui e pili ana i ke ʻano o ke kaiāulu invertebrate i loko o ke kahawai, akā ʻo ka oxygen haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hoʻonui i nā meaʻai, hoʻololi kahe, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka noho ʻana, a me nā pesticides ʻē aʻe a He mea nui ka ʻāpana pollutant kumu o ke kaumaha (57).ʻO kēia hui ʻana o nā mea koʻikoʻi e kūlike me ka "urban river syndrome", ʻo ia ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o nā kaiaola kahawai i ʻike mau ʻia e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāina kūlanakauhale (58, 59).Ke ulu nei nā hōʻailona hoʻohana ʻāina kūlanakauhale ma ka ʻāina Hikina Hema a manaʻo ʻia e piʻi aʻe i ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna kanaka o ka ʻāina.Ua manaʻo ʻia e piʻi aʻe ka hopena o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale a me nā pesticides i ke kahe o ke kūlanakauhale (4).Inā hoʻomau ka ulu ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fipronil, hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia pesticide i nā kūlanakauhale ke hoʻopilikia nui i nā kaiāulu kahawai.ʻOiai ua hoʻopau ka meta-analysis i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides mahiʻai e hoʻoweliweli i nā kaiaola kahawai honua (2, 60), manaʻo mākou ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa kēia mau loiloi i ka hopena o ka honua holoʻokoʻa o nā pesticides ma o ka haʻalele ʻana i nā hoʻohana kūlanakauhale.
Hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā kaiāulu macroinvertebrate i nā ʻāpana wai i kūkulu ʻia (kūlanakauhale, mahiʻai a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāina i hui pū ʻia me nā pesticides) a pili paha i ka hoʻohana ʻāina (58, 59, 61).ʻOiai ua hoʻohana kēia haʻawina i ka hōʻailona SPEARpesticides a me nā ʻano mea make fipronil pili i ka wai no ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hopena o nā mea hoʻohilahila, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka hana o ka SPEARpesticides ma muli o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka nohona, a hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka fipronil me nā Pesticide ʻē aʻe (4, 17, 51, 57).Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kekahi kumu hoʻohālike koʻikoʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ana kahua mai nā haʻawina ʻāpana mua ʻelua (Midwestern a me Hema Hema) i hōʻike ʻia he mea koʻikoʻi nā pesticides no nā kūlana kaiāulu macroinvertebrate i nā kahawai.I loko o kēia mau hiʻohiʻona, ʻo nā mea hoʻololi wehewehe koʻikoʻi e pili ana i nā pesticides (ʻoi aku ka bifenthrin), nā meaʻai a me nā ʻano noho i ka hapa nui o nā kahawai mahiʻai ma Midwest, a me nā pesticides (ʻoi aku ka fipronil) ma ka hapa nui o nā kūlanakauhale ma ka hikina hikina.Hoʻololi i ka oxygen, nā meaʻai a me ke kahe (61, 62).No laila, ʻoiai ke hoʻāʻo nei nā haʻawina āpana e hoʻoponopono i ka hopena o nā mea koʻikoʻi non-pesticide ma nā hōʻailona pane a hoʻoponopono i nā hōʻailona wānana e wehewehe i ka hopena o ka fipronil, kākoʻo nā hopena kahua o kēia noiʻi i ka manaʻo o fipronil.) Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia kekahi o nā kumu koʻikoʻi o ke kaomi ʻana ma nā muliwai ʻAmelika, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ka hikina hema o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
ʻAʻole i kākau ʻia ka hiki ʻana mai o ka pesticide degradation i loko o ke kaiapuni, akā ʻoi aku ka ʻino o ka hoʻoweliweli i nā mea ola wai ma mua o ke kino makua.Ma ka hihia o fipronil, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina kula a me nā hoʻokolohua meso-scale i nā huahana degradation e like me ka maʻamau o ke kino makua i nā kahawai i hoʻohālikelike ʻia a loaʻa i nā mea ʻona like a ʻoi aku paha (Papa 1).Ma ka hoʻokolohua membrane waena, ʻo ka fluorobenzonitrile sulfone ka mea ʻawaʻawa loa o nā huahana degradation pesticide i aʻo ʻia, a ʻoi aku ka ʻona ma mua o ka pūhui makua, a ua ʻike pū ʻia ma ke alapine e like me ka mea o ka hui makua.Inā e ana ʻia nā pesticides makua wale nō, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā hanana ʻona hiki ke ʻike ʻia, a ʻo ka nele o ka ʻike ʻona i ka wā o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka pesticide ʻo ia ka mea hiki ke nānā ʻole ʻia ko lākou hanana a me nā hopena.No ka laʻana, ma muli o ka nele o ka ʻike e pili ana i ka ʻawaʻawa o nā huahana degradation, ua hana ʻia kahi loiloi piha o nā pesticides ma nā kahawai Swiss, me 134 mau huahana degradation pesticide, a ʻo ka hui makua wale nō i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka pūhui makua i kāna loiloi ecotoxicological.
Hōʻike nā hopena o kēia loiloi pilikia kaiaola he hopena koʻikoʻi ko nā pūhui fipronil i ke ola o ka muliwai, no laila hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia he hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hopena ʻino ma nā wahi āpau i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pūhui fipronil i ka pae HC5.ʻO nā hopena o nā hoʻokolohua mesoscopic he kūʻokoʻa i ka wahi, e hōʻike ana he haʻahaʻa loa ka neʻe ʻana o ka fipronil a me kāna mau huahana degradation i nā ʻauhau kahawai he nui ma mua o ka mea i kākau mua ʻia.Manaʻo mākou e hoʻonui ʻia kēia ʻike i ka protobiota i nā kahawai maʻemaʻe ma nā wahi āpau.Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hopena o ka hoʻokolohua meso-scale i nā haʻawina kula nui (444 mau kahawai liʻiliʻi i haku ʻia me ke kūlanakauhale, ka mahiʻai, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāina i hui pū ʻia ma nā ʻāina nui ʻelima o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa), a ua ʻike ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o nā kahawai he nui. kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ka fipronil e manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ʻO ka hopena o nā mea ʻawaʻawa e hōʻike ana e hoʻonui paha kēia mau hopena i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka fipronil.Wahi a nā hōʻike, ke hoʻonui nei ka nui o ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana iā Fipronil ma Iapana, UK a me US (7).Aia ʻo Fipronil ma kahi kokoke i nā ʻāina āpau, me Australia, ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻApelika (https://coherentmarketinsights.com/market-insight/fipronil-market-2208).ʻO nā hopena o nā haʻawina meso-to-field i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fipronil he koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ma ka pae honua.
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Janet L. Miller, Travis S. Schmidt, Peter C. Van Metre, Barbara Mahler ( Barbara J. Mahler, Mark W. Sandstrom, Lisa H. Nowell, Daren M. Carlisle, Patrick W. Moran
Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina i nā pesticides maʻamau i ʻike pinepine ʻia ma nā kahawai ʻAmelika ʻoi aku ka ʻona ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo mua ʻia.
Janet L. Miller, Travis S. Schmidt, Peter C. Van Metre, Barbara Mahler ( Barbara J. Mahler, Mark W. Sandstrom, Lisa H. Nowell, Daren M. Carlisle, Patrick W. Moran
Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina i nā pesticides maʻamau i ʻike pinepine ʻia ma nā kahawai ʻAmelika ʻoi aku ka ʻona ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo mua ʻia.
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