Ọgwụ nje ndị dị na iyi na-aghọwanye ihe na-akpata nchegbu zuru ụwa ọnụ, mana enwere ntakịrị ozi gbasara nchekwa nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmiri.N'ime nnwale mesocosmic nke ụbọchị 30, ekpughere invertebrates nke mmiri benthic nke ụmụ ahụhụ na-ahụkarị na fipronil na ụdị ngwaahịa mbibi anọ.Ngwakọta fipronil kpatara mgbanwe na mpụta na trophic cascade.Ntinye uche dị irè (EC50) nke fipronil na ngwaahịa sulfide ya, sulfone na desulfinyl na-eme ka mmeghachi omume 50% pụta.Taxanes anaghị emetụta fipronil.A na-eji ntinye ihe ize ndụ nke 5% nke ụdị ndị emetụtara sitere na 15 mesocosmic EC50 ụkpụrụ iji gbanwee ntinye nke fipronil n'ọhịa n'ime nchikota nke ihe na-egbu egbu (∑TUFipronils).Na 16% nke iyi sitere na ọmụmụ mpaghara ise, nkezi ∑TUFipronil gafere 1 (na-egosi nsi).Ihe ngosi invertebrate nke ụdị dị n'ihe ize ndụ na-ejikọta ya na TUTUipronil na anọ n'ime ebe nlele ise.Ntụle ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi na-egosi na obere mkpokọta fipronil ga-ebelata obodo iyi n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke United States.
Ọ bụ ezie na mmepụta nke kemịkalụ sịntetik abawanyela nke ukwuu n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a ghọtabeghị mmetụta kemịkalụ ndị a na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị na-abụghị ebumnuche (1).N'ime mmiri dị n'elu ebe 90% nke ala ubi zuru ụwa ọnụ na-efunahụ, enweghị data gbasara ọgwụ na-egbu egbu na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, ma ebe enwere data, oge maka pesticides gafere ọnụ ụzọ nchịkwa bụ ọkara (2).Nnyocha meta nke ọgwụ pesticide ọrụ ugbo na mmiri dị n'elu na United States chọpụtara na n'ime 70% nke ebe nlele, opekata mpe otu pesticide karịrị usoro iwu (3).Agbanyeghị, meta-nyocha ndị a (2, 3) na-elekwasị anya naanị na mmiri dị n'elu nke iji ala ọrụ ugbo na-emetụta, yana nchịkọta nke ọmụmụ ihe pụrụ iche.Ọgwụ ahụhụ, karịsịa ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ, na-adịkwa n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ dị elu n'ime mkpọpu mmiri n'obodo mepere emepe (4).Ọ dị ụkọ ịme nyocha zuru oke banyere ọgwụ na-egbu egbu na mmiri dị n'elu nke a na-ewepụ site na ọrụ ugbo na obodo mepere emepe;ya mere, a maghị ma ọgwụ ndị na-egbu egbu na-etinye nnukwu ihe iyi egwu na mmiri dị n'elu na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe ha.
Benzopyrazoles na neonicotinoids ruru otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ahịa ọgwụ pesticide zuru ụwa ọnụ na 2010 (5).N'ime mmiri dị n'elu na United States, fipronil na ngwaahịa mmebi ya (phenylpyrazoles) bụ ogige pesticide na-emekarị, na ntinye ha na-emekarị karịa ụkpụrụ mmiri (6-8).Ọ bụ ezie na neonicotinoids dọtara uche n'ihi mmetụta ha na aṅụ na nnụnụ na oke ha (9), fipronil na-egbu egbu karịa azụ na nnụnụ (10), ebe ndị ọzọ phenylpyrazoles klaasị ogige nwere herbicidal mmetụta (5).Fipronil bụ ọgwụ ahụhụ na-eji chịkwaa ụmụ ahụhụ na gburugburu obodo mepere emepe na ọrụ ugbo.Ebe ọ bụ na fipronil banyere n'ahịa ụwa na 1993, iji fipronil na United States, Japan na United Kingdom abawanyela nke ukwuu (5).Na United States, a na-eji fipronil chịkwaa ndanda na ọdụ, a na-ejikwa ya na ihe ọkụkụ gụnyere ọka (gụnyere ọgwụgwọ mkpụrụ), poteto na ubi mkpụrụ osisi (11, 12).Ojiji fipronil n'ọrụ ugbo na United States ruru na 2002 (13).Ọ bụ ezie na enweghị data iji obodo mepere emepe dị, ojiji ime obodo na California ruru ọnụ na 2006 na 2015 (https://calpip.cdpr.ca) .gov/main .cfm, enwetara Disemba 2, 2019).Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụ oke fipronil (6.41μg / L) na iyi na mpaghara ụfọdụ ọrụ ugbo nwere ọnụego ngwa dị elu (14), ma e jiri ya tụnyere iyi ndị ọrụ ugbo, osimiri ndị mepere emepe na United States na-enwekarị nchọpụta na ọkwa dị elu dị elu, dị mma maka A na-ejikọta omume nke oké ifufe na ule (6, 7, 14-17).
Fipronil na-abanye n'ime mmiri mmiri nke mmiri na-agbapụta ma ọ bụ leaches si n'ala banye na iyi (7, 14, 18).Fipronil nwere obere volatility (iwu Henry mgbe niile 2.31 × 10-4 Pa m3 mol-1), obere na-agafeghị oke mmiri solubility (3.78 mg / l na 20 Celsius C), na agafeghị oke hydrophobicity (log Kow bụ 3.9 ka 4.1)), na agagharị na ala dị ntakịrị (log Koc bụ 2.6 ruo 3.1) (12, 19), ọ na-egosipụta nkwụsi ike dị ala ruo ọkara na gburugburu (20).A na-emebi Finazepril site na photolysis, oxidation, pH-based hydrolysis na mbelata, na-emepụta ngwaahịa mmebi anọ: dessulfoxyphenapril (ma ọ bụ sulfoxide), phenaprenip sulfone (sulfone), Filofenamide (amide) na filofenib sulfide (sulfide).Ngwaahịa na-emebi Fipronil na-adịwanye mma ma na-adịgide adịgide karịa ogige nne na nna (21, 22).
Ihe nsi nke fipronil na mmebi ya n'ime ụdị ndị na-abụghị nke ezubere iche (dị ka mmiri invertebrates) ka edepụtawo nke ọma (14, 15).Fipronil bụ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe nke na-egbochi ụzọ ion chloride site na ọwa chloride nke gamma-aminobutyric acid na-achịkwa n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ, na-ebute ntinye uche zuru oke na-akpata oke obi ụtọ na ọnwụ (20).Fipronil bụ nhọrọ na-egbu egbu, yabụ na ọ nwere njikọ njikọ nnabata ka ukwuu maka ụmụ ahụhụ karịa mammals (23).Ọrụ ụmụ ahụhụ nke ngwaahịa mmebi fipronil dị iche.Nsi nke sulfone na sulfide na mmiri mmiri invertebrates yiri ma ọ bụ dị elu karịa nke ogige nne na nna.Desulfinyl nwere nsi na-agafeghị oke mana ọ dị obere na-egbu egbu karịa ogige nne na nna.Na-adịghị egbu egbu (23, 24).Mmetụta nke invertebrates mmiri na fipronil na mmebi fipronil dịgasị iche iche n'ime na n'etiti taxa (15), na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ọbụna karịa usoro nke ịdị ukwuu (25).N'ikpeazụ, e nwere ihe àmà na-egosi na phenylpyrazoles na-egbu egbu na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ka e chere na mbụ (3).
Ntụle usoro ihe ọmụmụ mmiri na-adabere na nyocha nyocha ụlọ nyocha nwere ike ilele ihe ize ndụ nke ndị bi n'ọhịa (26-28).A na-eji otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ ụdị invertebrate mmiri n'ime mmiri na-eguzobe ụkpụrụ nke mmiri site n'otu ụdị n'ụdị nyocha nke toxicity (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironomus na Crustacea: Daphnia magna na Hyalella azteca).Ntule ule a na-adịkarị mfe ịzụlite karịa benthic macroinvertebrates ndị ọzọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, phe genus::), na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ adịghị enwe mmetụta maka mmetọ.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, D. Magna na-enwechaghị mmetụta maka ọtụtụ ọla karịa ụfọdụ ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe A. zteca na-enwechaghị mmetụta na pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin karịa mmetụta ya na ikpuru (29, 30).Mmachi ọzọ nke akara akara ndị dị ugbu a bụ njedebe ejiri na mgbako.Ihe nrịbama dị egwu na-adabere na ọnwụ (ma ọ bụ edozi maka crustaceans), ebe akara ngosi na-adịghị ala ala na-adaberekarị na njedebe njedebe (dị ka uto na mmeputakwa) (ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla).Otú ọ dị, enwere mmetụta dị nta nke ukwuu, dị ka uto, mpụta, ahụ mkpọnwụ, na igbu oge mmepe, nke nwere ike imetụta ọganihu nke taxa na mgbanwe obodo.N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ezie na akara ala na-enye ndabere maka mkpa ndu nke mmetụta ahụ, mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ọnụ ụzọ maka nsị bụ ihe a na-ejighị n'aka.
Iji ghọta nke ọma mmetụta nke ogige fipronil na benthic aquatic ecosystem (invertebrates na algae), e webatara obodo benthic n'ime ụlọ nyocha wee kpughee ya na gradients n'oge ụbọchị 30 Fipronil ma ọ bụ otu n'ime nnwale mmebi fipronil anọ.Ebumnuche nchọcha a bụ imepụta ụdị mkpokọta 50% mmetụta uche (EC50 uru) maka ogige fipronil ọ bụla na-anọchite anya taxa sara mbara nke obodo osimiri, yana ịchọpụta mmetụta mmetọ na nhazi obodo na ọrụ [ya bụ, itinye uche n'ihe egwu] 5 % Nke ụdị emetụtara (HC5) na mmetụta ndị na-apụtaghị ìhè dị ka mpụta gbanwere na trophic dynamics].Mgbe ahụ, etinyere ọnụ ụzọ (ọnụahịa HC5 akọwapụtara nke ọma) enwetara site na nnwale mesoscopic n'ọhịa nke United States Geological Survey (USGS) nakọtara site na mpaghara ise nke United States (Northeast, Southeast, Midwest, Northwest Pacific, na Central California). Mpaghara Coastal Data) dị ka akụkụ nke nlebanya ịdịmma mpaghara USGS (https://webapps.usgs.gov/rsqa/#!/).Dị ka anyị maara, nke a bụ nyocha ihe egwu mbụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi.Ọ na-enyocha nke ọma mmetụta nke ogige fipronil na ntule benthic na gburugburu meso a na-achịkwa, wee tinye nsonaazụ ndị a na nyocha mpaghara mpaghara.
Emere nnwale mesocosmic nke ụbọchị 30 na USGS Aquatic Laboratory (AXL) na Fort Collins, Colorado, USA site na October 18th ruo Nọvemba 17th, 2017, maka ụbọchị 1 nke ụlọ na ụbọchị 30 nke nnwale.A kọwapụtala usoro a na mbụ (29, 31) yana nkọwapụta n'ime ihe mgbakwunye.Ntọala oghere meso nwere 36 na-ekesa na-erugharị na mmiri anọ na-arụ ọrụ ( tankị na-ekesa ).A na-akwado iyi iyi ọ bụla nwere igwe nju oyi iji mee ka mmiri dị ọkụ ma jiri okirikiri gbara ọchịchịrị 16:8 na-enwu.Ọkpụkpụ meso-larịị bụ igwe anaghị agba nchara, nke dabara maka hydrophobicity nke fipronil (log Kow = 4.0) na dabara adaba maka ihe mgbaze na-ehicha ahịhịa (Figure S1).A nakọtara mmiri e ji mee nnwale meso-scale site na Cache La Poudre River (isi iyi dị n'elu gụnyere Rocky Mountain National Park, National Forest and Continental Divide) ma chekwaa ya na tankị nchekwa polyethylene anọ nke AXL.Ntụle gara aga nke sedimenti na mmiri mmiri anakọtara na saịtị ahụ ahụghị ihe ọ bụla pesticides (29).
Nnwale nnwale nke meso-scale mejupụtara iyi nhazi 30 na iyi njikwa 6.Usoro ọgwụgwọ ahụ na-enweta mmiri ọgwụgwọ, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere mkpokọta fipronil na-enweghị atụ: fipronil (fipronil (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 120068-37-3), amide (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 205650-69-7), otu desulfurization. [US US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Ọbá akwụkwọ pesticide, CAS 205650-65-3], sulfone (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 120068-37-2) na sulfide (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 120067-83-6); ịdị ọcha niile ≥ 97.8% Dị ka e bipụtara ụkpụrụ nzaghachi ụkpụrụ (7, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 25, 32, 33) Site dissolving fipronil compound na methanol (Thermo Fisher Scientific, American Chemical Society asambodo larịị), na itughari dilute. na mmiri deionized ka ọ bụrụ olu achọrọ iji kwadebe ihe ngwọta na-edozi ahụ, n'ihi na ọnụọgụ nke methanol dị na dose dị iche, ọ dị mkpa ịgbakwunye methanol na iyi ọgwụgwọ niile dị ka ọ dị mkpa. 0.05 ml/L) n'ime mmiri iyi nke etiti nke mmiri nchịkwa atọ ndị ọzọ nwetara mmiri mmiri na-enweghị methanol, ma ọ bụghị ya, a na-ewere ya dị ka iyi ndị ọzọ niile.
N'ụbọchị 8th, ụbọchị nke 16 na ụbọchị 26, a na-atụle okpomọkụ, uru pH, eletriki eletrik na mmebi nke fipronil na fipronil na akpụkpọ ahụ na-asọpụta.Iji chọpụta mmebi nke fipronil nne na nna n'oge ule mgbasa ozi, a na-eji fipronil (nne na nna) na-emeso mucosa intestinal nke mmiri mmiri maka ụbọchị atọ ọzọ [ụbọchị 5, 12 na 21 (n = 6)] maka okpomọkụ, pH , Omume omume, fipronil na fipronil deradaration sample.A na-anakọta ihe nlele nyocha pesticide site na nzacha 10 ml nke mmiri na-eru n'ime iko amber 20 ml site na nzacha sirinji Whatman 0.7-μm GF/F nwere nnukwu agịga.Emebere ihe nlele ahụ ozugbo wee ziga ya na USGS National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) na Lakewood, Colorado, USA maka nyocha.N'iji usoro emeziwanye nke usoro e bipụtara na mbụ, Fipronil na ngwaahịa mmebi 4 dị na mmiri mmiri na-ekpebi site na injections mmiri mmiri (DAI) chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS / MS; Agilent 6495).A na-eche na ọkwa nchọpụta ngwá ọrụ (IDL) bụ ụkpụrụ nhazi opekempe na-ezute ọkọlọtọ njirimara qualitative;IDL nke fipronil bụ 0.005 μg/L, na IDL nke fipronil anọ ndị ọzọ bụ 0.001 μg/L.Ihe mgbakwunye ahụ na-enye nkọwa zuru oke nke ụzọ eji tụọ ogige fipronil, gụnyere njikwa mma na usoro mmesi obi ike (dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbake nlele, spikes, nyocha ndị ọzọ, na oghere).
Na njedebe nke ụbọchị 30 Mesocosmic nnwale, nchịkọta na njirimara nke ndị okenye na larval invertebrates (isi njedebe nchịkọta data).A na-anakọta ndị toro eto na-apụta site na ụgbụ kwa ụbọchị wee kpochie ya na tube Falcon centrifuge 15 ml dị ọcha.Na njedebe nke nnwale (ụbọchị 30), a na-ehichapụ ọdịnaya nke akpụkpọ ahụ na iyi ọ bụla iji wepụ ihe ọ bụla invertebrates, na sieved (250 μm) ma chekwaa na 80% ethanol.Timberline Aquatics (Fort Collins, CO) emechaala njirimara taxonomic nke larvae na okenye invertebrates na ọkwa taxonomic kacha ala enwere ike, na-abụkarị ụdị.N'ụbọchị 9, 19 na 29, a tụrụ chlorophyll a ugboro atọ n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ mesoscopic nke iyi ọ bụla.A na-enye data kemịkalụ niile na nke ndu dịka akụkụ nke nnwale mesoscopic na ntọhapụ data na-esote (35).
Emere nyocha nke gburugburu ebe obibi na obere iyi (wading) na mpaghara ise kachasị na United States, a na-enyochakwa ọgwụ ndị na-egbu egbu n'oge oge ntinye aka gara aga.Na nkenke, dabere na iji ala ọrụ ugbo na obodo mepere emepe (36-40), ahọpụtara ebe 77 ruo 100 na mpaghara ọ bụla (ebe 444 na mkpokọta).N'oge mmiri na ọkọchị nke otu afọ (2013-2017), a na-anakọta ihe nlele mmiri otu ugboro n'izu na mpaghara ọ bụla maka izu anọ ruo iri na abụọ.Oge a kapịrị ọnụ na-adabere na mpaghara na mmepe mmepe.Agbanyeghị, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri iri na otu dị na mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na mmiri.Enweghị mmepe, belụsọ na ọ bụ naanị otu nlele ka anakọtara.Ebe ọ bụ na oge nlekota maka pesticides na ọmụmụ mpaghara dị iche iche, maka ntụnyere, ọ bụ naanị ihe atụ anọ ikpeazụ anakọtara na saịtị ọ bụla ka a na-atụle ebe a.A na-eche na otu nlele anakọtara na saịtị Northeast na-emepebeghị emepe (n = 11) nwere ike ịnọchite anya oge nlele izu anọ.Usoro a na-eduga n'otu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nlele anya na pesticides (ma e wezụga ebe 11 dị na Northeast) na otu oge nlele ahụ;ekwenyere na 4 izu bụ ogologo oge maka ogologo oge ikpughe na biota, ma obere oge zuru ezu na gburugburu ebe obibi adịghị Kwesịrị ịgbake na kọntaktị ndị a.
N'ihe banyere oke mmiri zuru oke, a na-anakọta ihe nlele mmiri site na ọsọ ọsọ na obosara na-abawanye (41).Mgbe eruba ahụ ezughị iji usoro a, ị nwere ike ịnakọta ihe nlele site na ntinye miri emi nke ihe nlele ma ọ bụ ijide n'etiti etiti ike ndọda.Jiri sirinji buru ibu na diski diski (0.7μm) iji nakọta 10 ml nke nzacha akọrọ (42).Site na DAI LC-MS/MS/MS/MS, a na-enyocha ihe atụ mmiri na NWQL maka ngwaahịa 225 pesticides na pesticide deradation ngwaahịa, gụnyere fipronil na 7 ngwaahịa mmebi (dessulfinyl fipronil, fipronil) Sulfides, fipronil sulfone, deschlorofipronil, desthiol, amidepron fipron, fipronil na fipronil).).Ọkwa kacha nta akụkọ maka ọmụmụ ihe ubi bụ: fipronil, desmethylthio fluorobenzonitrile, fipronil sulfide, fipronil sulfone, na deschlorofipronil 0.004 μg/L;dessulfinyl fluorfenamide na ntinye nke fipronil amide bụ 0.009 μg / lita;Ntinye nke fipronil sulfonate bụ 0.096 μg / lita.
A na-enyocha obodo ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe na njedebe nke ọmụmụ mpaghara ọ bụla (mmiri / okpomọkụ), na-emekarị n'otu oge ahụ dị ka ihe omume nlele ikpeazụ.Mgbe oge na-eto eto na iji ọgwụ na-egbu egbu, oge nlele kwesịrị ịdị na-adaba na ọnọdụ dị ala, ma kwekọọ n'oge mgbe obodo invertebrate nke osimiri na-etolite ma bụrụ nke kachasị na ndụ ndụ.Iji Surber sampler nwere ntupu 500μm ma ọ bụ ụgbụ D-frame, a rụchara nlele obodo invertebrate na 437 n'ime saịtị 444.A kọwara usoro nlere anya n'ụzọ zuru ezu na ihe mgbakwunye.Na NWQL, a na-amatakarị invertebrates niile ma depụta ya n'ogo ụdịdị ma ọ bụ ụdị.Enwere ike ịhụ data kemịkalụ na nke ndu niile anakọtara n'ubi a ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ihe odide a na mwepụta data na-esote (35).
Maka ogige fipronil ise a na-eji na nnwale mesoscopic, a na-agbakọ mkpokọta nke invertebrates larval site na 20% ma ọ bụ 50% n'ihe metụtara njikwa (ie EC20 na EC50).A na-etinye data ahụ [x = ntinye fipronil n'ogologo oge (lee ihe mgbakwunye maka nkọwa), y = ụbara larval ma ọ bụ metrik ndị ọzọ] dabara na ngwugwu R (43) agbatị site na iji usoro nkwụghachi azụ logarithmic atọ "dc".Usoro ahụ dabara ụdị niile (larvae) nwere oke zuru oke wee zute metrics ndị ọzọ nke mmasị (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịba ụba taxa, mkpokọta ikefly, na mkpokọta oke) iji ghọtakwuo mmetụta obodo.A na-eji ọnụọgụ Nash-Sutcliff (45) nyochaa ihe nlereanya dabara adaba, ebe ihe nlereanya na-adịghị mma nwere ike nweta ụkpụrụ adịghị mma na-enweghị ngwụcha, yana uru nke dabara adaba bụ 1.
Iji chọpụta mmetụta nke ogige fipronil na mpụta nke ụmụ ahụhụ na nnwale ahụ, a na-enyocha data ahụ n'ụzọ abụọ.Mbụ, site n'iwepụ nkezi ọdịdị nke akara eruba meso si ọdịdị nke onye ọ bụla ọgwụgwọ eruba meso, mkpokọta kwa ụbọchị omume ụmụ ahụhụ si onye ọ bụla eruba meso (ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmadụ niile) na normalized na njikwa.Chee echiche banyere ụkpụrụ ndị a na oge iji ghọta ọdịiche nke onye ogbugbo mmiri ọgwụ na-ahụ maka njikwa mmiri na-achịkwa na nnwale 30 ụbọchị.Nke abụọ, gbakọọ ngụkọta omume pasent nke ọ bụla eruba mesophyll, nke a kọwara dị ka ruru nke ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mesophylls na a nyere eruba na nkezi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke larvae na ndị okenye na njikwa otu, na adabara atọ-parameter logarithmic regression. .Ụmụ ahụhụ niile a chịkọtara sitere na ezinụlọ abụọ nke ezinụlọ Chironomidae, ya mere a na-eme nyocha ọnụ.
Mgbanwe na nhazi obodo, dị ka mfu nke taxa, nwere ike na-adabere kpọmkwem na mmetụta nke ihe ndị na-egbu egbu, ma nwee ike ibute mgbanwe na ọrụ obodo (dịka ọmụmaatụ, trophic cascade).Iji nwalee cascade trophic, a na-enyocha netwọk ihe kpatara ya site na iji usoro nyocha ụzọ (R ngwugwu "piecewiseSEM") (46).Maka nyocha nke mesoscopic, a na-eche na fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfide na sulfone (anaghị anwale amide) n'ime mmiri iji belata biomass nke scraper, na-eduga na mmụba nke biomass nke chlorophyll a (47).Ngwakọta ngwakọta bụ mgbanwe amụma, na scraper na chlorophyll a biomass bụ mgbanwe nzaghachi.A na-eji ọnụ ọgụgụ Fisher's C iji nyochaa ụdị dabara adaba, ka ọnụ ahịa P <0.05 na-egosi ezigbo ụdị dabara adaba (46).
Iji wuo ihe nchekwa ihe nleba anya gburugburu ebe obibi nke obodo, ogige ọ bụla enwetala 95% nke ụdị emetụtara (HC5) nkesa ụdị mmetụta uche na-adịghị ala ala (SSD) na nchekwa nchekwa ihe egwu.E mepụtara usoro data SSD atọ: (i) naanị meso data set, (ii) nhazi data nwere data meso na data anakọtara na ajụjụ data EPA ECOTOX (https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox) /, enwetara na Machị 14, 2019), oge ọmụmụ ihe bụ ụbọchị 4 ma ọ bụ karịa, yana (iii) setịpụrụ data nwere data mesoscopic niile na data ECOTOX, nke ECOTOX data (oke mkpughe) kewara site na oke na oke nke D. magna na-adịghị ala ala ( 19.39) iji kọwaa ọdịiche dị na ogologo oge ikpughe yana ọnụ ahịa EC50 na-adịghị ala ala (12).Ebumnuche anyị nke imepụta ụdị SSD dị iche iche bụ (i) ịzụlite ụkpụrụ HC5 maka ntụnyere data ubi (naanị maka SSD maka mgbasa ozi), yana (ii) chọpụta na a na-anabata data mgbasa ozi karịa karịa ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa maka itinye na aquaculture. siri ike nke akara ndụ ndụ na ntọala ọkọlọtọ nke ihe onwunwe data, ya mere omume nke iji ihe ọmụmụ mesoscopic eme ihe maka nhazi nhazi.
Emepụtara SSD maka ntọala data ọ bụla site na iji ngwugwu R “ssdtools” (48).Jiri bootstrap (n = 10,000) iji chọpụta nkezi HC5 na oge ntụkwasị obi (CI) site na SSD.Azịza taxa iri anọ na itoolu (taxa niile achọpụtara dị ka ụdị ma ọ bụ ụdị) mepụtara site na nyocha a jikọtara ya na nzaghachi taxa 32 chịkọtara site na ọmụmụ isii ebipụtara na nchekwa data ECOTOX, maka ngụkọta nke nzaghachi Taxon 81 nwere ike iji maka mmepe SSD. .Ebe ọ bụ na achọtaghị data na ECOTOX nchekwa data nke amides, ọ dịghị SSD e mepụtara maka amides na naanị otu nzaghachi EC50 nwetara site na ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a.Agbanyeghị uru EC50 nke naanị otu sulfide ka achọtara na nchekwa data ECOTOX, nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ugbu a nwere ụkpụrụ 12 EC50.Ya mere, e mepụtala SSD maka otu sulfinyl.
Ụkpụrụ HC5 kpọmkwem nke ogige fipronil enwetara site na data SSD nke Mesocosmos bụ nanị jikọtara ya na data ubi iji chọpụta mkpughe na ike nsị nke ogige fipronil na iyi 444 sitere na mpaghara ise na United States.Na mpio nlele nke izu 4 gara aga, a na-ekewa mkpokọta fipronil nke ọ bụla (ihe ndị a na-achọpụtaghị bụ efu) site na HC5 dị iche iche, a na-achịkọta ọnụ ahịa nke ihe nlele ọ bụla iji nweta mkpokọta toxicity nke fipronil (ΣTUFipronils), ebe. ΣTUFipronils> 1 pụtara nsi.
Site n'iji nleba anya ihe ize ndụ nke 50% nke ụdị ndị emetụtara (HC50) na uru EC50 nke ịba ụba taxa sitere na nnwale nke ọkara akpụkpọ ahụ, a tụlere SSD enwetara site na data akpụkpọ anụ ahụ iji gosipụta uche nke obodo gburugburu ebe obibi na fipronil. ogo..Site na ntụnyere a, nkwekọ n'etiti usoro SSD (gụnyere naanị taxa ndị nwere mmekọrịta nzaghachi dose) na usoro EC50 (gụnyere taxa pụrụ iche a hụrụ n'etiti oghere etiti) site na iji usoro EC50 nke ịtụ ụtụ taxa nwere ike nyochaa Mmekọahụ.Mmekọrịta nzaghachi dose.
A gbakọrọ ụdị ihe egwu pesticide (SPEARpesticides) iji nyochaa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọnọdụ ahụike nke obodo invertebrate na ΣTUFipronil na 437 invertebrate-nakọta iyi.SPEARpesticides metric na-atụgharị ngwakọta nke invertebrates ka ọ bụrụ metric n'ụba maka taxonomy bayoloji nwere njirimara physiological na gburugburu ebe obibi, si otú ahụ na-enye nghọta na ọgwụ pesticides.Ihe ngosi SPEARpesticides adịghị emetụ n'ahụ covariates eke (49, 50), n'agbanyeghị na arụrụ ọrụ ya ga-emetụta oke mbibi obibi (51).A na-ahazi data n'ụba anakọtara na saịtị maka taxon ọ bụla yana uru bụ isi nke taxon metụtara ngwa ASTERICS iji nyochaa ịdịmma gburugburu ebe obibi nke osimiri ahụ (https://gewaesser-bewertung-berechnung.de/index.php/home). html).Webata data n'ime Indicate (http://systemecology.eu/indicate/) ngwanrọ (ụdị 18.05).N'ime ngwanrọ a, a na-eji nchekwa data njirimara Europe na nchekwa data nwere mmetụta anụ ahụ na ọgwụ pesticide iji gbanwee data nke saịtị ọ bụla n'ime ihe ngosi SPEARpesticides.Nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ọmụmụ mpaghara ise ahụ jiri General Additive Model (GAM) ["mgcv" ngwugwu na R (52)) nyochaa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti SPEARpesticides metric na ΣTUFipronils [log10 (X + 1) ntụgharị] Associated.Maka ozi zuru ezu na metrik SPEARpesticides yana maka nyocha data, biko hụ Ngwa mgbakwunye.
Ndekọ ogo mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe na mesoscopic ọ bụla na-asọpụta na oge nnwale mesoscopic dum.Nkezi okpomọkụ, pH na conductivity bụ 13.1 ° C (± 0.27 ° C), 7.8 (± 0.12) na 54.1 (± 2.1) μS / cm (35), n'otu n'otu.Carbon organic agbazere n'ime mmiri osimiri dị ọcha bụ 3.1 mg/L.Na meso-ele nke osimiri ebe a na-etinye ihe ndekọ MiniDOT, ikuku oxygen gbazere dị nso na saturation (nkezi> 8.0 mg / L), na-egosi na a na-ekesa iyi ahụ nke ọma.
A na-enye njikwa mma na data mmesi obi ike na fipronil na ntọhapụ data na-esote (35).Na nkenke, ọnụego mgbake nke spikes matrix laabu na ihe nlele mesoscopic na-abụkarị n'etiti oke anabatara (nweghachi nke 70% ruo 130%), ụkpụrụ IDL kwadoro usoro ọnụọgụgụ, yana ụlọ nyocha na oghere akụrụngwa na-adị ọcha. nkọwa ndị a n'ozuzu ha tụlere n'ihe mgbakwunye..
N'ihi nhazi usoro, nleba anya nke fipronil na-adịkarị ala karịa uru ebumnuche (Njirimara S2) (n'ihi na ọ na-ewe 4 ruo 10 ụbọchị iji ruo ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị mma) (30).N'iji ya tụnyere ogige fipronil ndị ọzọ, ntinye nke desulfinyl na amide na-agbanwe obere oge, na mgbanwe nke ntinye uche n'ime ọgwụgwọ dị ntakịrị karịa ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọgwụgwọ ma e wezụga n'ihi obere nchịkwa nke sulfone na sulfide.Ogologo oge nlebara anya tụrụ atụ maka otu ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla bụ nke a: Fipronil, IDL ruo 9.07μg/L;Desulfinyl, IDL ruo 2.15μg/L;Amide, IDL ruo 4.17μg/L;Sulfide, IDL Ka 0.57μg / lita;na sulfone, IDL bụ 1.13μg / lita (35).N'ime mmiri ụfọdụ, a chọtara ogige fipronil na-abụghị nke a na-eche, ya bụ, ogige ndị na-adịghị agbanye n'ime ọgwụgwọ kpọmkwem, ma a maara na ọ bụ ngwaahịa mmebi nke ogige ọgwụgwọ ahụ.Mesoscopic membranes nke a na-emeso ya na fipronil nne na nna nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke ngwaahịa ndị na-emebi emebi na-adịghị achọpụta (mgbe a na-ejighị ya dị ka nhazi nhazi, ha bụ sulfinyl, amide, sulfide na sulfone);ndị a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi usoro mmepụta ihe mgbagwoju anya na / ma ọ bụ usoro mmebi nke na-eme n'oge nchekwa nke ngwọta ngwaahịa na (ma ọ bụ) na nnwale mesoscopic kama nsonaazụ nke mmetọ obe.Enweghị usoro nke itinye uche na-emebi emebi ahụghị na ọgwụgwọ fipronil.A na-achọpụtakarị ogige ndị na-emebi emebi na-abụghị nke a na-ahụ anya n'ime ahụ nke nwere nlekọta ọgwụgwọ kachasị elu, ma ntinye uche dị ntakịrị karịa ntinye nke ogige ndị a na-adịghị echere (lee akụkụ nke ọzọ maka ntinye uche).Ya mere, ebe ọ bụ na a naghị achọpụta ogige ndị na-emebi emebi na-abụghị nke a na-ahụkarị na ọgwụgwọ fipronil kasị ala, na n'ihi na ntinye uche a na-achọpụta dị ala karịa mmetụta mmetụta na ọgwụgwọ kachasị elu, a na-ekwubi na ogige ndị a na-abụghị ndị a na-atụ anya na-enwe mmetụta dị nta na nyocha.
Na nyocha mgbasa ozi, benthic macroinvertebrates nwere mmetụta na fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone, na sulfide [Table S1;Enyere data mbụ bara ụba na ụdị data na-eso (35)].Fipronil amide bụ naanị maka ijiji Rhithrogena sp.Nsi (na-egbu egbu), EC50 ya bụ 2.05μg/L [± 10.8 (SE)].Emepụtara usoro nzaghachi dose nke taxa pụrụ iche 15.Taxa ndị a gosipụtara onwu n'ime oke ịta ahụhụ nwalere (Table S1), yana taxa agbakọtara (dị ka ijiji) (Ọnyonyo S3) na taxa bara ụba (Njirimara 1) ewepụtara usoro nzaghachi dose.Ntinye uche (EC50) nke fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone na sulfide na taxa pụrụ iche nke taxa kacha nwee mmetụta sitere na 0.005-0.364, 0.002-0.252, 0.002-0.061 na 0.005-0.043μg/L, n'otu n'otu.Rhithrogena sp.Na Sweltsa sp.;Ọgụgụ S4) dị ala karịa taxa ndị anabatara nke ọma (dị ka Micropsectra / Tanytarsus na Lepidostoma sp.) (Table S1).Dị ka nkezi EC50 nke onyinye ọ bụla dị na Tebụl S1, sulfones na sulfides bụ ogige kachasị dị irè, ebe invertebrates na-adịkarị ntakịrị mmetụta desulfinyl (ewezuga amides).Metrics nke mkpokọta gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka ịba ụba taxa, mkpokọta ụbara, ngụkọta pentaploid na ijiji okwute zuru oke, gụnyere taxa na ụbara ụfọdụ taxa, ndị a dị obere na meso na enweghị ike ịgbakọ Dra ụzọ nzaghachi nzaghachi dose dị iche.Ya mere, ihe ngosi gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere nzaghachi taxon adịghị etinye na SSD.
Ọgaranya taxa (ụkpa) nwere ọrụ mgbagha atọ nke (A) fipronil, (B) desulfinyl, (C) sulfone, na (D) mkpokọta sulfide.Ebe data ọ bụla na-anọchite anya larvae sitere na otu iyi na njedebe nke nnwale meso nke ụbọchị 30.Ọgaranya taxon bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ taxa pụrụ iche na iyi ọ bụla.Ọnụ ego ịta ahụhụ bụ nkezi oge agbagoro nke nlele anya nke iyi ọ bụla a tụrụ na njedebe nke nnwale 30 ahụ.Fipronil amide (egosighi ya) enweghị mmekọrịta na taxa bara ụba.Biko mara na axis x dị n'ogo logarithmic.A na-akọ EC20 na EC50 nwere SE na tebụl S1.
N'ebe kachasị elu nke ogige fipronil ise niile, ọnụ ọgụgụ mpụta nke Uetridae jụrụ.A na-ahụ pasent nke germination (EC50) nke sulfide, sulfone, fipronil, amide na desulfinyl na-ebelata site na 50% na ntinye nke 0.03, 0.06, 0.11, 0.78 na 0.97μg / L n'otu n'otu (Figure 2 na Figure S5).N'ọtụtụ nyocha nke ụbọchị 30, ọgwụgwọ niile nke fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone na sulfide na-egbu oge, ma e wezụga maka ụfọdụ ọgwụgwọ ntinye uche dị ala (Nyocha 2), ma gbochie ọdịdị ha.Na ọgwụgwọ amide, ihe na-agbakọba n'oge nnwale ahụ dum dị elu karịa nke njikwa ahụ, yana ntinye nke 0.286μg / lita.Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu (4.164μg / lita) n'oge nnwale ahụ dum na-egbochi ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọgwụgwọ nke etiti dị ka nke otu njikwa.(nọmba nke 2).
Mkpokọta mpụta bụ nkezi nkezi kwa ụbọchị nke ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla mwepu (A) fipronil, (B) desulfinyl, (C) sulfone, (D) sulfide na (E) amide na iyi njikwa Nkezi nkezi kwa ụbọchị nke akpụkpọ ahụ.Ewezuga njikwa (n = 6), n = 1. Uru ntinye uche bụ nkezi nke oge a na-ahụ anya na ntinye ọ bụla.
Usoro nzaghachi dose na-egosi na, na mgbakwunye na mfu taxonomic, mgbanwe nhazi na ọkwa obodo.Kpọmkwem, n'ime oke nlele ule, ụbara nke ike (Ọnyocha S3) na ụbara taxa (Nyocha 1) gosipụtara mmekọrịta nzaghachi dose na fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone, na sulfide.Ya mere, anyị nyochara ka mgbanwe nhazi ndị a si ebute mgbanwe na ọrụ obodo site n'inyocha ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ.Ngosipụta nke invertebrates mmiri na fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfide na sulfone nwere mmetụta ọjọọ kpọmkwem na biomass nke scraper (Nyocha 3).Iji chịkwaa mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke fipronil na biomass nke scraper, scraper ahụ metụtakwara chlorophyll a biomass na-adịghị mma (Nyocha 3).Nsonaazụ nke ọnụọgụ ụzọ ndị a na-adịghị mma bụ mmụba ụgbụ na chlorophyll a ka ntinye nke fipronil na ndị na-emebi emebi na-abawanye.Ụdị ụzọ ndị a agbaziri agbaziri n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-egosi na ụbara nbibi nke fipronil ma ọ bụ fipronil na-eduga n'ịbawanye nha nke chlorophyll a (Nyocha 3).A na-eche n'ihu na mmetụta kpọmkwem n'etiti fipronil ma ọ bụ ịta ahụhụ na chlorophyll a biomass bụ efu, n'ihi na ogige fipronil bụ ọgwụ pesticides ma nwee obere nsị na-egbu egbu na algae (dịka ọmụmaatụ, EPA nnukwu ihe ọkụkụ na-abụghị vascular bụ 100μg / L). fipronil, otu disulfoxide, sulfone na sulfide; https://epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/aquatic-life-benchmarks-and-ecological-risk), Nsonaazụ niile (ụdị ziri ezi) kwadoro nke a echiche.
Fipronil nwere ike ibelata biomass (mmetụta kpọmkwem) nke ịta nri (otu scraper bụ larvae), mana enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla na biomass nke chlorophyll a.Agbanyeghị, mmetụta siri ike nke fipronil na-apụtaghị ìhè bụ ịbawanye biomass nke chlorophyll a na nzaghachi na obere ịta nri.Ụka ahụ na-egosi ọnụọgụ ụzọ ahaziri ahazi, yana akara mwepu (-) na-egosi ntụzịaka nke mkpakọrịta.* Na-egosi oke mkpa ọ dị.
SSD atọ ahụ (okpukpu etiti naanị, akwa etiti gbakwunyere data ECOTOX, yana akwa etiti gbakwunyere data ECOTOX emeziri maka ọdịiche dị na oge mkpughe) mepụtara ụkpụrụ HC5 dị iche iche (Table S3), mana nsonaazụ ya dị n'ime oke SE.N'ime ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ, anyị ga-elekwasị anya na data SSD nwere naanị meso eluigwe na ala na uru HC5 metụtara ya.Maka nkọwa zuru oke nke nyocha SSD atọ a, biko rụtụ aka na ihe mgbakwunye (Tables S2 ruo S5 na Figures S6 na S7).Nkesa data kacha dabara adaba ( akara ọkọlọtọ Akaike kacha ala) nke ogige fipronil anọ (Njirimara 4) ejiri naanị na maapụ SSD meso siri ike bụ log-gumbel nke fipronil na sulfone, yana weibull nke sulfide And desulfurized γ ( Tebụl S3).A na-akọ ụkpụrụ HC5 enwetara maka ogige ọ bụla na Figure 4 maka meso eluigwe na ụwa naanị, na na Tebụl S3, a na-akọ ụkpụrụ HC5 sitere na data SSD atọ niile.Ụkpụrụ HC50 nke fipronil, sulfide, sulfone na desulfinyl otu [22.1 ± 8.78 ng / L (95% CI, 11.4 ka 46.2), 16.9 ± 3.38 ng / L (95% CI, 11.2 ka 24.0), 8 8 8 2.66 ng/L (95% CI, 5.44 ka 15.8) na 83.4 ± 32.9 ng/L (95% CI, 36.4 ka 163)] Ogige ndị a dị ntakịrị ala karịa ụbara taxa EC50 (ọnụọgụ taxa pụrụ iche) (Table S1) Ihe ndetu dị na tebụl ihe mgbakwunye bụ microgram kwa liter).
Na nnwale meso-scale, mgbe ekpughere (A) fipronil, (B) dessulfinyl fipronil, (C) fipronil sulfone, (D) fipronil sulfide maka ụbọchị 30, a na-akọwa ụdị mmetụta uche Ọ bụ uru EC50 nke taxon.Ahịrị akara na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-anọchite anya 95% CI.Ahịrị akara kwụsiri ike na-anọchite anya HC5.Uru HC5 (ng / L) nke ogige ọ bụla bụ ndị a: Fipronil, 4.56 ng / L (95% CI, 2.59 ruo 10.2);Sulfide, 3.52 ng/L (1.36 ruo 9.20);Sulfone, 2.86 ng / lita (1.93 ruo 5.29);na sulfinyl, 3.55 ng / lita (0.35 ruo 28.4).Biko mara na axis x dị n'ogo logarithmic.
N'ime ọmụmụ mpaghara ise, Fipronil (nne na nna) achọpụtara na 22% nke ebe nlele 444 (Table 1).Oge nchọpụta nke florfenib, sulfone na amide yiri (18% ruo 22% nke ihe atụ), ọnụọgụ nke sulfide na desulfinyl dị ala (11% ruo 13%), ebe ngwaahịa mmebi ndị ọzọ dị elu.Ole na ole (1% ma ọ bụ ihe na-erughị) ma ọ bụ ahụbeghị ya (Table 1)..A na-achọpụtakarị Fipronil na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ (52% nke saịtị ahụ) yana opekempe ugboro ugboro na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ (9% nke saịtị ahụ), nke na-akọwapụta mgbanwe nke ojiji benzopyrazole na enweghị ike iyi egwu n'ofe obodo ahụ.Ndị na-eweda ala na-egosipụtakarị usoro mpaghara ndị yiri ya, yana oge nchọpụta kachasị elu na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ yana nke kacha ala na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ ma ọ bụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri California.Ntụle a tụrụ atụ nke fipronil bụ nke kachasị elu, sochiri fipronil nne na nna (pasent 90% nke 10.8 na 6.3 ng/L, n'otu n'otu) (Table 1) (35).A na-ekpebi ihe kachasị elu nke fipronil (61.4 ng / L), disulfinyl (10.6 ng / L) na sulfide (8.0 ng / L) na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ (n'ime izu anọ ikpeazụ nke ihe atụ).Achọpụtara mkpokọta sulfone kacha elu na ọdịda anyanwụ.(15.7 ng / L), amide (42.7 ng / L), dessulfinyl flupirnamide (14 ng / L) na fipronil sulfonate (8.1 ng / L) (35).Florfenide sulfone bụ naanị ogige a hụrụ ka ọ gafere HC5 (Table 1).Nkezi ΣTUFipronils n'etiti mpaghara dị iche iche dịgasị iche iche (Table 1).Nkezi mba ΣTUFipronils bụ 0.62 (ebe niile, mpaghara niile), na saịtị 71 (16%) nwere ΣTUFipronils> 1, na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ịbụ nsi na benthic macroinvertebrates.Na anọ n'ime mpaghara ise a mụrụ (ma e wezụga Midwest), enwere mmekọrịta dị ịrịba ama n'etiti SPEARpesticides na ΣTUFipronil, na R2 gbanwere site na 0.07 n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri California ruo 0.34 na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ (Nyocha 5).
* Ngwakọta eji eme nnwale mesoscopic.†ΣTUFipronils, nchikota nke nchikota nke toxin nkeji [hụrụ anya n'ọhịa nke ogige fipronil anọ / ihe ize ndụ nke ogige ọ bụla site na pasent ise nke ụdị ọrịa SSD (Njirimara 4)] Maka ihe atụ nke fipronil kwa izu, 4 ikpeazụ. A na-agbakọ izu nke ihe nlele pesticide anakọtara na saịtị ọ bụla.‡ Ọnụọgụ ebe a na-atụ ọgwụ nje.§ Pasent 90th dabere na nleba anya kacha hụ na saịtị n'ime izu anọ gara aga nke nlele pesticide.na pasent nke ihe nlele nwalere.Jiri 95% CI nke uru HC5 (Figure 4 na Table S3, naanị meso) gbakọọ CI.A nyochala Dechloroflupinib na mpaghara niile, a hụbeghị ya.ND, achọpụtaghị.
Ngalaba na-egbu egbu nke Fipronil bụ ọnụọgụ fipronil a tụrụ atụ kewara site na uru HC5 akọwapụtara nke ọma, nke SSD nwetara site na nnwale mgbasa ozi (lee eserese 4).Ahịrị ojii, ụdị mgbakwunye mkpokọta (GAM).Ahịrị dash na-acha uhie uhie nwere CI nke 95% maka GAM.Atụgharịrị ΣTUFipronils ka ọ bụrụ log10 (ΣTUFipronils+1).
Achọpụtala mmetụta ọjọọ nke fipronil na ụdị mmiri ndị na-abụghị nke ezubere iche (15, 21, 24, 25, 32, 33), mana nke a bụ nchọpụta mbụ nke ọ na-enwe mmetụta na gburugburu ụlọ nyocha.A na-ekpughere obodo ndị taxa ahụ na ogige fipronil, a na-ewepụkwa nsonaazụ ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ kọntinent.Nsonaazụ nke nnwale mesocosmic nke ụbọchị 30 nwere ike iwepụta 15 dị iche iche ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri mmiri (Table S1) na ntinye aka na-akọghị na akwụkwọ, n'etiti ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri mmiri na nchekwa data toxicity na-anọchi anya (53, 54).A na-egosipụta akụkụ nke nzaghachi dose-ụtụ maka ụtụ isi (dị ka EC50) na mgbanwe ọkwa obodo (dị ka ịba ụba taxa ma nwee ike ifelata n'ụba) yana mgbanwe ọrụ (dị ka ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ na mgbanwe n'ọdịdị).Mmetụta nke eluigwe na ala mesoscopic ka ewepụrụ n'ọhịa.N'ime anọ n'ime mpaghara nyocha ise dị na United States, a na-ejikọta mkpokọta fipronil a na-atụ n'ọhịa na mbelata nke gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na mmiri na-asọpụta.
Uru HC5 nke 95% nke ụdị dị na nnwale nke ọkara akpụkpọ ahụ nwere mmetụta nchebe, na-egosi na n'ozuzu obodo invertebrate mmiri na-enwe mmetụta karịa ogige fipronil karịa ka a ghọtara na mbụ.Uru HC5 enwetara (florfenib, 4.56 ng / lita; desulfoxirane, 3.55 ng / lita; sulfone, 2.86 ng / lita; sulfide, 3.52 ng / lita) bụ ọtụtụ ugboro (florfenib) ruo ugboro atọ karịa usoro ịdị ukwuu (desulfinylyl). ) n'okpuru EPA ugbu a na-adịghị ala ala invertebrate benchmark [fipronil, 11 ng / lita;desulfinyl, 10,310 ng / lita;sulfone, 37 ng / lita;na sulfide, maka 110 ng / lita (8).Nnwale Mesoscopic mere ka a mata ọtụtụ ndị na-enwe mmetụta na fipronil kama nke EPA na-adịghị ala ala invertebrate benchmark (4 dị iche iche na-enwe mmetụta nke fipronil, 13 desulfinyl, 11 ụzọ abụọ nke sulfone na 13 ụzọ abụọ) Sulfide sensitivity) (Nyocha 4 na okpokoro) S1).Nke a na-egosi na akara ngosi enweghị ike ichekwa ụdị dị iche iche a na-ahụkwa n'ime ụwa etiti, bụ nke gbasakwara na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri.Ọdịiche dị n'etiti nsonaazụ anyị na akara nrịbama ugbu a bụ n'ihi enweghị data nnwale fipronil toxicity nke metụtara ọtụtụ taxa ahụhụ mmiri, ọkachasị mgbe oge mkpughe gafere ụbọchị 4 na fipronil dara.N'ime ụbọchị 30 mesocosmic nnwale, ọtụtụ ụmụ ahụhụ na invertebrate obodo na-enwe mmetụta nke fipronil karịa nkịtị test organism Aztec (crustacean), ọbụna mgbe agbazi Aztec The EC50 nke Teike na-eme ya otu mgbe nnukwu mgbanwe.(Ọ na-abụkarị awa 96) ruo oge mkpughe na-adịghị ala ala (Onyonyo S7).Enwetara nkwekorita kacha mma n'etiti nnwale akpụkpọ anụ na ọmụmụ a kọrọ na ECOTOX site na iji ihe nlere anya nke Chironomus dilutus (ụmụ ahụhụ).Ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-enwe mmetụta nke ọma maka ọgwụ nje.Na-edozighị oge ikpughe, nnwale meso-scale na data zuru oke nke nchekwa data ECOTOX gosiri na a na-ahụ ọtụtụ taxa ka ha na-enwe mmetụta karịa ogige fipronil karịa Clostridium diluted (Figure S6).Otú ọ dị, site n'ịgbanwe oge ikpughe, Dilution Clostridium bụ ihe kachasị emetụ n'ahụ maka fipronil (nne na nna) na sulfide, n'agbanyeghị na ọ naghị emetụta sulfone (Figure S7).Nsonaazụ ndị a na-egosi mkpa ọ dị ịgụnye ọtụtụ ụdị dị n'ime mmiri (gụnyere ọtụtụ ụmụ ahụhụ) iji mepụta mkpokọta pesticide n'ezie nke nwere ike ichekwa ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri.
Usoro SSD nwere ike ichebe taxa na-adịghị ahụkebe ma ọ bụ enweghị mmetụta nke EC50 enweghị ike ikpebi, dị ka Cinygmula sp., Isoperla fulva na Brachycentrus americanus.Ụkpụrụ EC50 nke ịba ụba nke taxa ma nwee ike ife efe n'ụba na-egosipụta mgbanwe na nhazi obodo kwekọrọ na ụkpụrụ HC50 nke SSD nke fipronil, sulfone na sulfide.Usoro ahụ na-akwado echiche a: Usoro SSD eji ewepụta ọnụ ụzọ nwere ike ichekwa obodo niile, gụnyere taxa na-adịghị ahụkebe ma ọ bụ enweghị mmetụta na obodo.Ọnụ ụzọ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri kpebisiri ike site na SSD dabere na naanị taxa ole na ole ma ọ bụ taxa enweghị mmetụta nwere ike ezughị oke n'ichekwa ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri.Nke a bụ ikpe maka desulfinyl (Figure S6B).N'ihi enweghị data na ECOTOX nchekwa data, EPA na-adịghị ala ala invertebrate baseline ndabere bụ 10,310 ng / L, nke bụ iwu anọ dị elu karịa 3.55 ng / L nke HC5.Nsonaazụ nke usoro nzaghachi taxon dị iche iche emere na nnwale mesoscopic.Enweghị data toxicity na-enwekarị nsogbu maka ogige ndị na-emebi emebi (Onyonyo S6), nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara akara mmiri mmiri dị ugbu a maka sulfone na sulfide bụ ihe dịka 15 ruo 30 ugboro na-enwechaghị mmetụta karịa uru SSD HC5 dabere na China Universe.Uru nke usoro akpụkpọ ahụ ọkara bụ na enwere ike ikpebi ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ EC50 na otu nnwale, nke zuru ezu iji mepụta SSD zuru oke (dịka ọmụmaatụ, desulfinyl; Figure 4B na Figures S6B na S7B), ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu. na taxa eke nke gburugburu ebe obibi echedoro Ọtụtụ nzaghachi.
Nnwale Mesoscopic na-egosi na fipronil na ngwaahịa mmebi ya nwere ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ doro anya na nke na-apụtachaghị ìhè na ọrụ obodo.Na nnwale mesoscopic, ogige fipronil ise niile pụtara na-emetụta mpụta ụmụ ahụhụ.Nsonaazụ nke ntụnyere n'etiti mkpokọta kachasị elu na nke kachasị ala (mgbochi na mkpali nke mpụta ma ọ bụ mgbanwe n'oge mmalite) kwekọrọ na nsonaazụ mbụ akọpụtara nke nnwale meso site na iji bifenthrin ụmụ ahụhụ (29).Mpụta nke ndị okenye na-enye ọrụ dị mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi ma nwee ike gbanwee site na mmetọ dị ka fipronil (55, 56).Mpụta n'otu oge abụghị naanị ihe dị mkpa maka ịmụpụta ụmụ ahụhụ na nnọgidesi ike nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, kamakwa maka inye ụmụ ahụhụ tozuru oke, nke enwere ike iji dị ka nri maka anụ mmiri na nke ụwa (56).Mgbochi mpụta nke mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike imetụta mgbanwe nri dị n'etiti ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri na ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri, ma gbasaa mmetụta nke mmetọ mmiri n'ime gburugburu ụwa (55, 56).Mbelata n'ụba nke scrapers (ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri algae) hụrụ na nnwale meso-scale mere ka mbelata oriri algae, nke butere mmụba na chlorophyll a (Njirimara 3).Nke a trophic cascade na-agbanwe carbon na nitrogen fluxes na mmiri mmiri webụ, dị ka nnyocha e mere nyochara mmetụta pyrethroid bifenthrin na benthic obodo (29).Ya mere, phenylpyrazoles, dị ka fipronil na ngwaahịa mmebi ya, pyrethroids, na ikekwe ụdị ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ, nwere ike na-akwalite mmụba nke algal biomass na mgbagwoju anya nke carbon na nitrogen na obere iyi.Mmetụta ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịgbatị ruo nbibi nke carbon na nitrogen cycles n'etiti gburugburu mmiri na terrestrial.
Ozi enwetara site na nyocha nke akpụkpọ ahụ na-enye anyị ohere inyocha mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi nke mkpokọta fipronil compound tụrụ na nnukwu ọmụmụ ihe ubi emere na mpaghara ise nke United States.Na 444 obere iyi, 17% nke mkpokọta ntinye nke otu ma ọ bụ karịa ogige fipronil (nkezi karịa izu 4) gafere uru HC5 nwetara site na nyocha mgbasa ozi.Jiri SSD site na nnwale meso-scale iji gbanwee mkpokọta fipronil tụrụ atụ ka ọ bụrụ ntụnye metụtara nsi, ya bụ, nchikota nkeji toxicity (ΣTUFipronils).Uru nke 1 na-egosi nsi ma ọ bụ mkpughe nke fipronil ogige karịrị ụdị nchekwa a ma ama ruru 95%.Mmekọrịta dị ịrịba ama dị n'etiti ΣTUFipronil na anọ n'ime mpaghara ise na SPEARpesticides na-egosi ahụike obodo invertebrate na-egosi na fipronil nwere ike imetụta obodo benthic invertebrate na osimiri na ọtụtụ mpaghara United States.Nsonaazụ ndị a na-akwado echiche nke Wolfram et al.(3) Aghọtachaghị ihe ize ndụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ phenpyrazole na mmiri dị na United States n'ihi na mmetụta nke ụmụ ahụhụ na-ahụ maka mmiri na-apụta n'okpuru usoro iwu ugbu a.
Ọtụtụ iyi nwere fipronil dị elu karịa ọkwa nsi dị na mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ mepere emepe (https://webapps.usgs.gov/rsqa/#!/region/SESQA).Ntụle gara aga nke mpaghara ahụ abụghị naanị kwubiri na fipronil bụ isi ihe na-akpata nrụgide na-emetụta usoro obodo invertebrate na mmiri mmiri, kamakwa na ikuku oxygen dị ala, ụbara nri, mgbanwe mgbanwe, mmebi obibi, na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe na ụdị mmetọ ahụ bụ ihe dị mkpa. isi iyi nke nrụgide (57).Ngwakọta mgbakasị a na-adakọbara na "ọrịa osimiri ime obodo", nke bụ mmebi nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke osimiri a na-ahụkarị n'ihe gbasara iji ala obodo eme ihe (58, 59).Akara ngosi iji ala ime obodo na mpaghara Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na-eto ma na-atụ anya ịbawanye ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ na-abawanye.Mmetụta mmepe obodo n'ọdịniihu na ọgwụ ndị na-egbu egbu na mgbapụ obodo ga-abawanye (4).Ọ bụrụ na ime obodo na iji fipronil na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto, iji ọgwụ nje a na-eme n'obodo ukwu nwere ike imetụta obodo iyi.Ọ bụ ezie na meta-nyocha kwubiri na ojiji nke ugbo pesticides na-eyi egwu gburugburu ụwa iyi iyi (2, 60), anyị na-eche na ndị a ntule eleda n'ozuzu zuru ụwa ọnụ mmetụta nke pesticides site na-ewepu obodo mepere emepe.
Nrụgide dị iche iche, gụnyere ọgwụ ndị na-egbu egbu, nwere ike imetụta obodo macroinvertebrate na mpaghara mmiri ndị mepere emepe (obodo, ọrụ ugbo na iji ala agwakọta) ma nwee ike jikọta ya na iji ala (58, 59, 61).Ọ bụ ezie na ọmụmụ ihe a na-eji SPEARpesticides egosi na aquatic organism-kpọmkwem fipronil toxicity àgwà iji belata mmetụta nke ihe mgbagwoju anya, arụmọrụ nke SPEARpesticides egosi nwere ike imetụta site n'ibibi ebe obibi, na fipronil nwere ike iji tụnyere ndị ọzọ Pesticide metụtara (4, 17, 51, 57).Otú ọ dị, ihe atụ nke mgbagwoju anya nke e mepụtara site na iji nha ubi sitere na nchọpụta mpaghara abụọ mbụ (Midwestern na Southeast) gosiri na ọgwụ nje bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata nrụgide elu maka ọnọdụ obodo macroinvertebrate n'ime osimiri.N'ụdị ndị a, mgbanwe nkọwa dị mkpa gụnyere ọgwụ pesticides (karịsịa bifenthrin), nri na njirimara ebe obibi n'ọtụtụ mmiri iyi ọrụ ugbo na Midwest, na ọgwụ pesticides (karịsịa fipronil) n'ọtụtụ obodo dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ.Mgbanwe na oxygen, nri na eruba (61, 62).Ya mere, ọ bụ ezie na ọmụmụ ihe mpaghara na-anwa ileba anya na mmetụta nke nrụgide na-abụghị nke pesticide na-egosi nzaghachi ma gbanwee ihe ngosi amụma iji kọwaa mmetụta nke fipronil, nsonaazụ ubi nke nyocha a na-akwado echiche fipronil.) Ekwesịrị ka ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime isi mmalite nrụgide na osimiri America, karịsịa na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ United States.
A naghị edepụta ihe na-eme mbibi pesticide na gburugburu ebe obibi, mana ihe iyi egwu dị n'ime mmiri nwere ike ịdị njọ karịa ahụ nne na nna.N'ihe banyere fipronil, ọmụmụ ihe ubi na nyocha meso-scale egosiwo na ngwaahịa ndị na-emebi emebi bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị dịka nne na nna n'ime mmiri ndị a tụrụ atụ ma nwee otu ma ọ bụ nrịanrịa dị elu (Table 1).N'ime nnwale akpụkpọ ahụ nke ọkara, fluorobenzonitrile sulfone bụ ihe kacha egbu egbu nke ngwaahịa mmebi pesticide a mụrụ, ọ na-egbukwa egbu karịa ogige nne na nna, a na-achọpụtakwa ya na ugboro ugboro yiri nke ogige nne na nna.Ọ bụrụ naanị na a na-atụle ọgwụ nje ndị nne na nna, enwere ike ọ gaghị achọpụta ihe omume nsi nwere ike ime, yana enweghị ozi gbasara nsi n'oge mmebi pesticide pụtara na enwere ike ileghara ihe omume na nsonaazụ ha anya.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ihi enweghị ozi gbasara nsi nke ngwaahịa mmebi, a na-eme nyocha zuru ezu nke pesticides na mmiri iyi Switzerland, gụnyere 134 ngwaahịa mmebi pesticide, na naanị ogige nne na nna ka a na-ewere dị ka ogige nne na nna na nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke ecotoxicological.
Nsonaazụ nke nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-egosi na ogige fipronil nwere mmetụta ọjọọ na ahụ ike osimiri, ya mere enwere ike ịkọwa n'ụzọ ziri ezi na enwere ike ịhụ mmetụta ọjọọ ebe ọ bụla ebe fipronil ogige gafere ọkwa HC5.Nsonaazụ nke nnwale mesoscopic na-adabere na ọnọdụ, na-egosi na ntinye nke fipronil na ngwaahịa mmebi ya n'ọtụtụ taxa iyi dị ala karịa ka e dekọrọ na mbụ.Anyị kwenyere na a ga-agbatị nchoputa a na protobiota na iyi pristine ebe ọ bụla.A na-etinye nsonaazụ nke nnwale meso-scale na ọmụmụ ihe ubi buru ibu (Obere iyi 444 nke mejupụtara obodo mepere emepe, ọrụ ugbo na ala agwakọtara eji eme ihe n'ofe mpaghara ise dị na United States), wee chọpụta na ntinye nke ọtụtụ iyi. Ebe a na-achọpụta fipronil na-atụ anya na ọ ga-abụ ihe na-akpata nsị na-egosi na nsonaazụ ndị a nwere ike gbasaa na mba ndị ọzọ ebe a na-eji fipronil eme ihe.Dị ka akụkọ si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eji Fipronil na-abawanye na Japan, UK na US (7).Fipronil dị na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kọntinent ọ bụla, gụnyere Australia, South America na Africa (https://coherentmarketinsights.com/market-insight/fipronil-market-2208).Nsonaazụ nke ihe ọmụmụ meso-to-field ewepụtara ebe a na-egosi na iji fipronil mee ihe nwere ike ịdị mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi n'ogo zuru ụwa ọnụ.
Maka ihe mgbakwunye maka akụkọ a, biko hụ http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/6/43/eabc1299/DC1
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Janet L. Miller, Travis S. Schmidt, Peter C. Van Metre, Barbara Mahler ( Barbara J. Mahler, Mark W. Sandstrom, Lisa H. Nowell, Daren M. Carlisle, Patrick W. Moran
Nnyocha egosiwo na ọgwụ nje ndị a na-ahụkarị nke a na-achọpụtakarị na iyi ndị America na-egbu egbu karịa ka e chere na mbụ.
Janet L. Miller, Travis S. Schmidt, Peter C. Van Metre, Barbara Mahler ( Barbara J. Mahler, Mark W. Sandstrom, Lisa H. Nowell, Daren M. Carlisle, Patrick W. Moran
Nnyocha egosiwo na ọgwụ nje ndị a na-ahụkarị nke a na-achọpụtakarị na iyi ndị America na-egbu egbu karịa ka e chere na mbụ.
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