ʻO ka nānā pono ʻana i nā pahele a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i nā manawa kūpono i waena o nā kī i ka pale ʻana i ka pōʻino nui mai ka pest lāʻau ʻoliva, wahi a nā loea.
Ua hoʻokuʻu ka Tuscan Regional Phytosanitary Service i nā alakaʻi alakaʻi no ka nānā ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka heluna o ka lele hua ʻoliva e nā mea kanu a me nā ʻenehana e hana ana i nā mahiʻai kūlohelohe a hui pū ʻia.
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā lāʻau ʻoliva ʻino loa ma muli o ka pōʻino a lākou e hana ai i ka nui a me ka maikaʻi o ka hua, ʻike ʻia kēia pepeke dipterous ma ke kai Mediterranean, South Africa, Central and South America, Kina, Australia a me ka US.
ʻO nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo, i hāʻawi ʻia e ka poʻe akamai i kālele ʻia i ke kūlana ma Tuscany hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia e nā mahiʻai e like me ke kaʻina hoʻomohala o ka lele, hiki ke ʻano like ʻole ma muli o ka lepo a me nā kūlana o ka ʻoliva.
"Ma nā ʻāina ʻEulopa, ʻo ka pilikia e kū mai ana mai ka pāpā ʻana iā Dimethoate e koi i kahi ala hou i ka mālama ʻana i ka lele ʻoliva," wahi a Massimo Ricciolini o ka Tuscan Regional Phytosanitary Service."Akā, e noʻonoʻo ana i ka nui o ka pono o ka hoʻomau, ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei mākou ʻaʻole wale ka hilinaʻi phytiatric akā ʻo ka toxicological a me ka palekana o ke kaiapuni ke kumu o kekahi hoʻolālā kūpono e kūʻē i kēia pest."
ʻO ka wehe ʻana o ka mākeke o ka systemic organophosphate insecticide Dimethoate, i hoʻohana ʻia e kūʻē i nā larvae o ka lele, ua alakaʻi i nā poʻe loea e noʻonoʻo i ke ʻano o ke kanaka makua o ka iniseti ka pahuhopu nui o ka hakakā.
"ʻO ka pale ʻana ke kumu nui o kahi ala kūpono a hoʻomau," wahi a Ricciolini."ʻAʻohe mea ʻē aʻe i ka mahiʻai organik i kēia manawa, no laila ke kali nei mākou i nā hopena noiʻi e pili ana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūpono hou (ʻo ia hoʻi e kūʻē i nā hua manu a me nā larvae), pono ia e hoʻokō i nā ʻenehana e pepehi a hoʻokuke paha i nā pākeke."
"He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i ko mākou ʻāina ua hoʻopau ka lele i kāna hanauna makahiki mua i ka pūnāwai," wahi āna."Hoʻohana ka ʻoliva i nā ʻoliva e waiho ana ma nā mea kanu, ma muli o ka ʻohi piha ʻole ʻana a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻoliva i haʻalele ʻia, ma ke ʻano he substrate hānau a me kahi kumu meaʻai.No laila, ma waena o ka hopena o Iune a me ka hoʻomaka o Iulai, ʻo ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ka lele lua o ka makahiki, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka lele mua.
Hoʻokomo nā wahine i kā lākou mau hua i loko o nā ʻoliva o kēia makahiki, ua loaʻa mua a maʻamau i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaʻina hana lignification pōhaku.
"Mai kēia mau hua, puka mai ka lua o ka makahiki, ʻo ia ka mua o ke kauwela," wahi a Ricciolini."ʻO nā hua'ōmaʻomaʻo, ulu aʻe e hōʻinoʻia e ka hana a nā'ōpū, e hele ana ma nāʻanuʻuʻekolu, e ulu aʻe me ka lilo o ka pulp, eʻeli ana i kahi tunnel i loko o ka mesocarp i ka mua o ka papa a me ke kaula, a laila hohonu a me kahi. ʻāpana nui aʻe, a ʻo ka hope, e kū ana i luna ma ka ʻāpana elliptic.
"E like me ke kau, hāʻule nā ​​ʻōpala oʻo i ka lepo e pupa a i ʻole, i ka pau ʻana o ka pae pupal, hoʻopili nā mākua [e puka mai i ka hihia pupal]," wahi āna.
I loko o nā mahina mehana, hiki i nā manawa o nā wela kiʻekiʻe (ma luna o 30 a 33 °C - 86 a 91.4 °F) a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka haʻahaʻa pili (ma lalo o 60 pakeneka) hiki ke make i nā ʻāpana nui o nā hua manu a me ka heluna o nā ʻōpala ʻōpio, me ka hopena. hiki ke hōʻemi pōʻino.
Hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o ka lele i ka mahina ʻo Kepakemapa a me ʻOkakopa, e hōʻeha ana i ka pōʻino holomua a hiki i ka ʻohi ʻana, ma muli o ka hāʻule ʻana o nā huaʻai a me nā hana oxidative e pili ana i nā ʻoliva holed.I mea e pale ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka oviposition a me ka ulu ʻana o nā larval, pono e hoʻokō nā mea kanu i kahi hōʻiliʻili mua, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i nā makahiki o ka infestation kiʻekiʻe.
"Ma Tuscany, me nā ʻokoʻa kūpono ʻole, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena o ka hoʻouka ʻana ma kahakai, a ke ʻano nei ka emi ʻana i nā ʻāina uka, nā puʻu kiʻekiʻe, a me nā Apennines," wahi a Ricciolini."I nā makahiki he 15 i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻike e pili ana i ka biology lele olive a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kahi ʻikepili agrometeorological a me demographic nui i hiki ke wehewehe i kahi kumu hoʻohālike e pili ana i ke aniau."
"Ua hōʻike ʻia, ma ko mākou ʻāina, ʻo nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka hoʻoilo ke hana nei i mea palena no kēia pepeke a ʻo ka nui o ke ola ʻana o kona mau heluna i ka hoʻoilo e hoʻohuli i ka heluna kanaka o ka hanauna puna," wahi āna.
ʻO ka manaʻo e nānā i ka dynamics heluna kanaka makua, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka lele makahiki mua, a me ke ʻano olive infestation, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka lele lua o ka makahiki.
Pono e hoʻokō ʻia ka nānā ʻana i ka lele, i kēlā me kēia pule, me nā pahele chromotropic a i ʻole pheromone (hoʻokahi a ʻekolu mau pahele no ka ʻāpana hoʻokahi heka/2.5‑ʻeka maʻamau me 280 mau lāʻau ʻoliva);Pono e hoʻokō ʻia ka nānā ʻana i ka maʻi ʻino, i kēlā me kēia pule, ka laʻana o 100 mau ʻoliva no ka pā ʻoliva (e noʻonoʻo ana i ka awelika hoʻokahi ʻeka/2.5 ʻeka me 280 mau lāʻau ʻoliva).
Inā ʻoi aku ka maʻi ma mua o ka paepae o ʻelima pākēneka (hāʻawi ʻia e nā hua ola, mua a me ka lua o ka makahiki larvae) a i ʻole 10 pākēneka (hāʻawi ʻia e nā hua ola a me nā makahiki mua), hiki ke hoʻomau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana larvicide i ʻae ʻia.
Ma loko o kēia hoʻolālā, e pili ana i ka ʻike o ka ʻāina a me ka pōʻino o ka hoʻouka ʻana ma ke ʻano o ka pinepine a me ka ikaika, ʻoi aku ka poʻe loea i ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi hana pale a / a pepehi paha i nā pākeke mua o ke kauwela.
"Pono mākou e noʻonoʻo e hana maikaʻi loa kekahi mau mea hana a me nā huahana i nā māla nui," wahi a Ricciolini."ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma nā pā liʻiliʻi."
Pono nā ulu ʻoliva nui (ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelima mau ʻeka/12.4 ʻeka) i nā mea hana a i ʻole nā ​​​​huahana maunu me kahi hana 'hoʻohihi a pepehi' e manaʻo e hoʻowalewale i nā kāne a me nā wahine makua i kahi meaʻai a i ʻole kumu pheromone a laila pepehi iā lākou ma ka ʻai ʻana (o ka mea ʻona. maunu) a i ʻole ma ka hoʻopili ʻana (me ka ʻili o ka mea hana).
ʻO nā pahele Pheromone a me nā insecticide i loaʻa ma ka mākeke, a me nā pahele i hana lima ʻia me nā maunu protein i hoʻohana nui ʻia a maikaʻi;Eia kekahi, ua ʻae ʻia ka insecticide kūlohelohe, Spinosad, ma kekahi mau ʻāina.
Ma nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi e ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻohana i nā huahana me ka hana repellent e kūʻē i nā kāne a me nā wahine a me nā hopena anti-oviposition e kūʻē i nā wahine, e like me ke keleawe, kaolin, nā minela ʻē aʻe e like me ka zeolith a me ka bentonite, a me kahi mea hoʻohui i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka fungus, Beauveria bassiana.Ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau hope ʻelua.
Hiki i nā mea ulu i ka mahiʻai hoʻohui ke hoʻohana, inā ʻae ʻia, nā insecticides e pili ana i ka Phosmet (organophosphate), Acetamiprid (neonicotinoid) a me Deltamethrin (ma Italia, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia ester pyrethroid wale nō i nā pahele).
"Ma nā hihia āpau, ʻo ka pahuhopu ka pale ʻana i ka oviposition," wahi a Ricciolini."Ma kā mākou ʻāina, e pili ana kēia i ka hana kūʻē i nā pākeke o ka lele kauwela mua, e kū ana i ka hopena o Iune a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Iulai.Pono mākou e noʻonoʻo i nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi i ka hopu mua ʻana o nā pākeke i loko o nā pahele, nā lua oviposition mua loa a me ka paʻakikī o ka lua i ka hua.
"Mai ka lua o ke kauwela lele ma luna, hiki ke hoʻoholo i nā hana pale ma ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka hana o ka huahana i hoʻohana ʻia, ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka preimaginal mua (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka pae hoʻomohala ma mua o ke kanaka makua) ka pae o ka insect, ka hopu mua. o nā mākua o ka hanauna i hala, a me nā puka oviposition mua loa o ka hanauna hou, "wahi a Ricciolini.
Ke hoʻomau nei nā kumukūʻai aila ʻoliva ma Puglia me ka haʻahaʻa o ka hana ʻana ma 2020. Manaʻo ʻo Coldiretti e hana hou ke aupuni.
Hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi e ulu mau ana ka hoʻoiho ʻana a me ka ʻai ʻana i nā aila ʻoliva puʻupaʻa Italia me nā hōʻailona ʻāina i nā makahiki ʻelima.
Ke hōʻike nei nā mea manawaleʻa ma Toscolano Maderno i ka waiwai waiwai a me ka pilikanaka o nā lāʻau ʻoliva i haʻalele ʻia.
ʻOiai ʻo ka hapa nui o ka ʻaila ʻoliva e hele mai ana mai nā mea kanu kuʻuna ma ke Kaiwaenahonua, ke nānā nei nā mahiʻai hou i nā māla ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a ʻike i ka ulu mau o ka hana.