Iingcali zithi ukuyijonga ngenyameko imigibe nokusebenzisa unyango ngexesha elifanelekileyo kukuthintela umonakalo omkhulu kwizinambuzane zomthi womnquma.
Inkonzo yaseTuscan yoMmandla wePhytosanitary ikhuphe imigaqo yobugcisa yokubeka iliso kunye nokulawula inani leempukane zeziqhamo zomnquma ngabalimi kunye namagcisa asebenza kwiifama eziphilayo kunye nezihlanganisiweyo.
Ithathwa njengenye yezona zinambuzane ziyingozi zomthi womnquma ngenxa yomonakalo eziwubangelayo kubuninzi kunye nomgangatho wesiqhamo, esi sinambuzane sinedipterous sifumaneka kwiMeditera basin, eMzantsi Afrika, kuMbindi noMzantsi Melika, eChina, eOstreliya nase-US.
Imiyalelo, enikwe ziingcali ezijolise kwimeko yaseTuscany inokutshintshwa ngamafama ngokomjikelo wophuhliso lwempukane, enokuthi ihluke ngokuxhomekeke kumhlaba kunye neemeko zemozulu kwindawo yokukhula komnquma.
"Emazweni aseYurophu, umngeni ovela ekuvinjweni kweDimethoate ufuna indlela entsha yokulawula impukane yomnquma," kusho uMassimo Ricciolini weNkonzo yePhytosanitary yeSithili saseTuscan."Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqwalasela imfuno ebanzi yozinzo, sikholelwa ukuba ukuthembeka komzimba kuphela kodwa kunye nokhuseleko lwe-toxicological kunye nokusingqongileyo kufuneka lube sisiseko saso nasiphi na isicwangciso esisebenzayo esichasene nesi sitshabalalisi."
Ukuhoxiswa kwemarike ye-systemic organophosphate insecticide Dimethoate, eyayisetyenziselwa ukulwa nezibungu zempukane, kuye kwabangela ukuba iingcali ziqwalasele inqanaba labantu abadala lesinambuzane njengenjongo ephambili yokulwa.
"Ukuthintela kufuneka kube yingqwalasela ephambili yendlela esebenzayo kunye nezinzileyo," kusho uRicciolini."Ayikho enye indlela ekulinyweni kwezinto eziphilayo ngeli xesha, ngoko ngelixa silindele iziphumo zophando kunyango olutsha olusebenzayo (oko kukuthi ngokuchasene namaqanda kunye nemibungu), kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa ubuchule bokubulala okanye ukugxotha abantu abadala."
“Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba kwingingqi yethu impukane igqibezela isizukulwana sayo sokuqala sonyaka entwasahlobo,” wongeze watsho.”Isinambuzane sisebenzisa iminquma eseleyo kwizityalo, ngenxa yokungavunwa okungaphelelanga okanye amasimi omnquma alahliweyo, njengendawo yokuzala kunye nomthombo wokutya.Ngenxa yoko, phakathi kokuphela kukaJuni nasekuqaleni kukaJulayi, ngokuqhelekileyo, inqwelomoya yesibini yonyaka, enkulu kuneyokuqala, iyenzeka.”
Abasetyhini babeka amaqanda abo kwiminquma yalo nyaka, esele iyamkela kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ekuqaleni kwenkqubo yokuguqulwa kwamatye.
"Kula maqanda, isizukulwana sesibini sonyaka, esokuqala kwehlobo, sivela," kusho uRicciolini."Iziqhamo eziluhlaza, ezikhulayo zonakaliswa ngumsebenzi wemibungu ethi, idlula kwizigaba ezithathu, ikhule ngeendleko ze-pulp, igrumbe itonela kwi-mesocarp yokuqala engaphezulu kunye nentambo, emva koko inzulu kunye icandelo elikhulu, kwaye, ekugqibeleni, livela kwicandelo eli-elliptical.
"Ngokwexesha lonyaka, izibungu ezivuthiweyo ziwela phantsi ukuze zikhuphe okanye, xa isigaba se-pupal sigqityiwe, abantu abadala bavale [baphuma kwi-pupal case]," wongezelela.
Ngeenyanga ezishushu, amaxesha amaqondo obushushu aphezulu (ngaphezu kwama-30 ukuya kuma-33 °C - 86 ukuya kuma-91.4 °F) kunye namanqanaba asezantsi okufuma (ngaphantsi kwama-60 epesenti) anokubangela ukufa kwamaqanda amaninzi kunye nemibungu emincinci, ngenxa yoko. ukunciphisa ingozi enokwenzeka.
Ubuninzi beempukane bonyuka kakhulu ngoSeptemba nango-Okthobha, nto leyo ebangela umngcipheko womonakalo oqhubekayo de kufike ixesha lokuvuna, ngenxa yokuwa kweziqhamo kunye neenkqubo ze-oxidative ezichaphazela iminquma emingxumayo.Ukuze kuthintelwe i-oviposition kunye nophuhliso lwe-larval, abalimi kufuneka baqhube isivuno sokuqala , esisebenzayo ngokukodwa kwiminyaka yokuhlaselwa okuphezulu.
"E-Tuscany, ngaphandle kwayo yonke into, ingozi yokuhlaselwa idla ngokuba mkhulu ngaselunxwemeni, kwaye iyancipha ukuya kwimimandla engaphakathi, iinduli eziphakamileyo, kunye ne-Apennines," kusho uRicciolini.“Kule minyaka ili-15 idlulileyo, ulwazi olwandisiweyo malunga nebhayoloji yeempukane ze-olive kunye nokusekwa kovimba weenkcukacha zenzululwazi yezenzululwazi ngenzululwazi yezendalo kunye nenzululwazi ngezibalo zabantu kwenze ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukucacisa imodeli yoqikelelo olusekelwe kwimozulu eyingozi yohlaselo.”
"Kubonise ukuba, kwintsimi yethu, amaqondo obushushu aphantsi ebusika asebenza njengento ethintelayo kwesi sinambuzane kwaye izinga lokusinda kwabemi balo ebusika lichaphazela abantu besizukulwana sasentwasahlobo," wongeze watsho.
Ingcebiso kukubeka iliso kuzo zombini iinguqu zamanani abantu abadala, ukuqala kwinqwelomoya yokuqala yonyaka, kunye nentsingiselo yohlaselo lomnquma, ukuqala kwinqwelomoya yesibini enyakeni.
Ukujongwa kwenqwelomoya kufuneka kuqhutywe, ngeveki, kunye ne-chromotropic okanye i-pheromone trap (isinye ukuya kwi-trapsi enye ukuya kwezintathu kwintsimi eqhelekileyo yehektare enye / i-2.5-acre yeploti enemithi ye-olive engama-280);ukujongwa kohlaselo kufuneka kwenziwe, ngeveki, kuthathwe iisampulu ze-100 zomnquma kwisiza somnquma ngasinye (kuthathelwa ingqalelo umyinge wehektare enye/2.5 yehektare kunye nemithi yomnquma engama-280).
Ukuba i-infestation idlula umda weepesenti ezintlanu (ezinikezelwa ngamaqanda aphilayo, i-larvae yokuqala neyesibini ubudala) okanye i-10 ekhulwini (enikwe ngamaqanda aphilayo kunye nemibungu yobudala bokuqala), kunokwenzeka ukuba kuqhutyekwe nokusetyenziswa kweemveliso ezivumelekileyo zokubulala izimbungu.
Ngaphakathi kwesi sikhokelo, ngokusekelwe kulwazi lommandla kunye nokulimala kohlaselo malunga nokuphindaphinda kunye nobukhulu, iingcali zigxininisa ukubaluleka kokuphumeza isithintelo kunye / okanye isenzo sokubulala kubantu abadala behlobo lokuqala.
“Kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo ukuba ezinye izixhobo kunye neemveliso zisebenza kakuhle kumabhoma amakhulu,” utshilo uRicciolini."Abanye badla ngokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwiziza ezincinci."
Imithi emikhulu yomnquma (ngaphezulu kweehektare ezintlanu / iihektare eziyi-12.4) ifuna izixhobo okanye iimveliso zokuthiyela ezinesenzo 'sokutsala kunye nokubulala' esijolise ukurhwebesha amadoda nabasetyhini abadala kwindawo yokutya okanye kumthombo wepheromone kwaye emva koko babulale ngokuginya (yetyhefu). i-bait) okanye ngokudibana (kunye nomphezulu osebenzayo wesixhobo).
I-Pheromone kunye ne-insecticide traps ekhoyo kwiimarike, kunye nemigibe eyenziwe ngesandla equkethe i-protein baits isetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye iyasebenza;ngaphezu koko, i-insecticide yendalo, i-Spinosad, ivumelekile kumazwe aliqela.
Kwiindawo ezincinci kucetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe iimveliso ezinesenzo sokugxotha kumadoda kunye nabasetyhini kunye nemiphumo echasene ne-oviposition ngokumelene nabasetyhini, njengobhedu, i-kaolin, ezinye iiminerali ezifana ne-zeolith kunye ne-bentonite, kunye ne-compound esekelwe kwi-fungus, i-Beauveria bassiana.Uphando luyaqhubeka kolu nyango lubini lokugqibela.
Abalimi kwiifama ezidibeneyo bangasebenzisa, apho kuvunyelwe, i-insecticide esekelwe kwi-Phosmet (organophosphate), i-Acetamiprid (neonicotinoid) kunye ne-Deltamethrin (e-Italy, le pyrethroid ester ingasetyenziselwa kuphela kwimigibe).
"Kuzo zonke iimeko, injongo kukuthintela i-oviposition," kusho uRicciolini.“Kwingingqi yethu, oku kuthetha ukwenza ngokuchasene nabantu abadala benqwelomoya yasehlotyeni yokuqala, eyenzeka ekupheleni kukaJuni ukuya ekuqaleni kukaJulayi.Kuya kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo iiparamitha ezibalulekileyo zokuqala ukubanjwa kwabantu abadala kwimigibe, imingxunya yokuqala ye-oviposition kunye nokuqina komngxuma kwisiqhamo. "
Ukusukela kwinqwelomoya yesibini yasehlotyeni ukuya phambili, ungenelelo lothintelo lunokugqitywa ngokuthathela ingqalelo ixesha lesenzo semveliso esetyenzisiweyo, ukugqitywa kwenkqubo yangaphambili (okt inqanaba lophuhliso elandulela umntu omdala) inqanaba lesinambuzane, ukubanjwa kokuqala. yabantu abadala besizukulwana sangaphambili, kunye nemingxuma yokuqala ye-oviposition yesizukulwana esitsha, ”utshilo uRicciolini.
Amaxabiso eoli yeoli e-Puglia ayaqhubeka nokutyibilika nangona imveliso ephantsi ngo-2020. UColdiretti ukholelwa ukuba urhulumente kufuneka enze okungakumbi.
Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-oyile ye-olive eyongezelelweyo yase-Italiya eneempawu zejografi kwanda ngokuthe ngcembe kwiminyaka emihlanu.
Amavolontiya e-Toscolano Maderno abonisa ixabiso lezoqoqosho kunye nentlalontle yemithi yomnquma eshiyiweyo.
Ngelixa uninzi lwemveliso ye-oyile yomnquma isavela kubalimi bemveli kwiMeditera, iifama ezintsha zigxile kwigadi yeziqhamo esebenzayo kwaye zifumana ukukhula okuthe chu kwimveliso.