Kuwunika mosamala misampha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala pa nthawi yoyenera ndi zina mwa njira zopewera kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa tizirombo ta mtengo wa azitona, akatswiri akutero.
Bungwe la Tuscan Regional Phytosanitary Service latulutsa malangizo aukadaulo owunikira ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa ntchentche za azitona ndi alimi ndi akatswiri omwe amagwira ntchito m'mafamu osamalidwa komanso ophatikizidwa.
Tizilombo tomwe timawononga kwambiri mitengo ya azitona chifukwa cha kuwonongeka komwe kumayambitsa kuchuluka komanso mtundu wa chipatsocho, kachilomboka kamapezeka ku Mediterranean, South Africa, Central ndi South America, China, Australia ndi US.
Malangizo, operekedwa ndi akatswiri okhudza momwe zinthu zilili ku Tuscany zitha kusinthidwa ndi alimi molingana ndi momwe ntchentche zimayendera, zomwe zimatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi nthaka komanso nyengo ya malo olima azitona.
"M'mayiko a ku Ulaya, vuto lomwe limachokera ku chiletso cha Dimethoate limafuna njira yatsopano yoyendetsera ntchentche ya azitona," adatero Massimo Ricciolini wa Tuscan Regional Phytosanitary Service."Komabe, poganizira zakufunika kokhazikika, tikukhulupirira kuti osati kudalirika kwa phytiatric komanso chitetezo cha poizoni ndi chilengedwe chiyenera kukhala pamaziko a njira iliyonse yothanirana ndi tizilombo."
Kuchotsa msika kwa systemic organophosphate insecticide Dimethoate, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi mphutsi za ntchentche, kwapangitsa akatswiri kuti aziwona gawo lakukula kwa tizilombo ngati cholinga chachikulu chankhondoyi.
"Kupewa kuyenera kukhala cholinga chachikulu cha njira yabwino komanso yokhazikika," adatero Ricciolini."Palibe njira ina pa ulimi wa organic pakali pano, kotero pamene tikudikira zotsatira za kafukufuku pa mankhwala atsopano ochiritsira (ie motsutsana ndi mazira ndi mphutsi ), m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito njira zophera kapena kuthamangitsa akuluakulu."
"Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti m'dera lathu ntchentche zimamaliza m'badwo wawo woyamba wapachaka mchaka," adawonjezera."Tizilombo timene timagwiritsa ntchito azitona zomwe zimatsalira pazomera, chifukwa chosakwanira kukolola kapena minda ya azitona yosiyidwa, monga gawo loberekera komanso chakudya.Chotero, pakati pa mapeto a June ndi kuchiyambi kwa July, kaŵirikaŵiri, ndege yachiŵiri yapachaka, imene imakhala yaikulu kuposa yoyamba, imachitika.”
Azimayi amaika mazira awo mu azitona a chaka chino, omwe amavomereza kale ndipo nthawi zambiri kumayambiriro kwa miyala ya lignification.
"Kuchokera mazirawa, m'badwo wachiwiri wa chaka, womwe ndi woyamba m'chilimwe, umatuluka," adatero Ricciolini."Zipatso zobiriwira, zomwe zikukula zimawonongeka ndi ntchito ya mphutsi zomwe, zikadutsa magawo atatu, zimakula mowononga zamkati, kukumba ngalande mu mesocarp yomwe poyamba imakhala yowoneka bwino komanso ngati ulusi, kenako yakuya komanso chigawo chachikulu, ndipo, potsiriza, chowonekera pa gawo la elliptical. "
"Malinga ndi nyengo, mphutsi zokhwima zimagwera pansi kuti zibereke kapena, pamene siteji ya pupal yatha, akuluakulu amatseka [amatuluka pamphuno]," anawonjezera.
M'miyezi yotentha, kutentha kwambiri (kupitirira 30 mpaka 33 ° C - 86 mpaka 91.4 ° F) ndi kutsika kwa chinyezi (pansi pa 60 peresenti) kungayambitse imfa ya mazira ambiri ndi mphutsi zazing'ono. kuchepetsa zovulaza zomwe zingatheke.
Ntchentche zimachulukana kwambiri mu Seputembala ndi Okutobala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiwopsezo chiwonongeke pang'onopang'ono mpaka nthawi yokolola, chifukwa cha kugwa kwa zipatso komanso njira zotulutsa maolivi zomwe zimakhudza maolivi obowoleredwa.Pofuna kupewa oviposition ndi kukula mphutsi, alimi ayenera kuchita yokolola oyambirira , amene amathandiza makamaka zaka infestation mkulu.
"Ku Tuscany, kupatulapo zonse, chiopsezo cha kuukiridwa nthawi zambiri chimakhala chachikulu m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo chimachepa kwambiri kumadera akumtunda, mapiri aatali, ndi Apennines," adatero Ricciolini."M'zaka 15 zapitazi, chidziwitso chowonjezereka chokhudza zamoyo za ntchentche za azitona komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo osungiramo zinthu zakale agrometeorological ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu kwapangitsa kuti kukhale kotheka kutanthauzira motengera nyengo yolosera za ngozi zakugwa."
"Zinasonyeza kuti, m'gawo lathu, kutentha kochepa m'nyengo yozizira kumakhala ngati cholepheretsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso kuti kupulumuka kwa anthu ake m'nyengo yozizira kumakhudza anthu am'badwo wachisanu," adatero.
Lingaliro ndiloti ayang'anire momwe chiwerengero cha anthu akuluakulu chikuyendera, kuyambira paulendo woyamba wapachaka, ndi momwe anthu amakhalira ndi maolivi, kuyambira ulendo wachiwiri wa chaka.
Kuyang'anira kayendetsedwe ka ndege kuyenera kuchitika, mlungu uliwonse, ndi misampha ya chromotropic kapena pheromone (msampha umodzi kapena itatu wa malo okhazikika a hekitala/2.5-ekala ndi mitengo ya azitona 280);kuyan'anila kugwidwa kuyenera kuchitidwa, mlungu uliwonse, kutengera zitsanzo za azitona 100 pamunda wa azitona (kutengera pafupifupi hekitala imodzi/2.5 maekala ndi mitengo ya azitona 280).
Ngati infestation kuposa pakhomo la asanu peresenti (kuperekedwa ndi moyo mazira, woyamba ndi wachiwiri m'badwo mphutsi) kapena 10 peresenti (kuperekedwa ndi mazira amoyo ndi mphutsi m'badwo woyamba), n'zotheka kupitiriza ndi ntchito analola larvicide mankhwala.
Mkati mwa dongosololi, potengera chidziwitso cha dera komanso kuvulaza kwa kuukira kwafupipafupi komanso kulimba kwake, akatswiriwa akugogomezera kufunikira kokhazikitsa njira yoletsa ndi / kapena kupha anthu akuluakulu achilimwe oyambirira.
"Tiyenera kuganizira kuti zida ndi zinthu zina zimayenda bwino m'minda yazipatso yayikulu," adatero Ricciolini."Ena amakonda kuchita bwino m'magawo ang'onoang'ono."
Mitengo ikuluikulu ya azitona (yoposa mahekitala asanu/12.4 maekala) imafuna zida kapena nyambo zokhala ndi 'zokopa ndi kupha' zomwe cholinga chake ndi kukopa amuna ndi akazi achikulire ku chakudya kapena gwero la pheromone ndiyeno kuwapha mwakumwa (za poizoni. nyambo) kapena kukhudzana (ndi mawonekedwe a chipangizocho).
Pheromone ndi misampha yophera tizilombo yomwe ilipo pamsika, komanso misampha yopangidwa ndi manja yokhala ndi nyambo zamapuloteni imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso yothandiza;Komanso, mankhwala achilengedwe, Spinosad, amaloledwa m'mayiko angapo.
M'madera ang'onoang'ono tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe ali ndi zotsutsana ndi amuna ndi akazi komanso zotsutsana ndi oviposition motsutsana ndi akazi, monga mkuwa, kaolin, mchere wina monga zeolith ndi bentonite, ndi gulu lochokera ku bowa, Beauveria bassiana.Kafukufuku akupitilira pazithandizo ziwiri zomalizazi.
Olima mu ulimi wophatikizika angagwiritse ntchito, pamene amaloledwa, mankhwala ophera tizilombo pogwiritsa ntchito Phosmet (organophosphate), Acetamiprid (neonicotinoid) ndi Deltamethrin (ku Italy, ester iyi ya pyrethroid ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa misampha).
"Muzochitika zonse, cholinga chake ndikuletsa oviposition," adatero Ricciolini."M'dera lathu, izi zikutanthauza kuchita motsutsana ndi akuluakulu a ndege yoyamba yachilimwe, yomwe imachitika kumapeto kwa June mpaka kumayambiriro kwa July.Tiyenera kuwona ngati magawo ofunikira kugwidwa koyamba kwa akulu mumisampha, maenje oyambira oviposition ndi dzenje lolimba mu zipatso. ”
"Kuyambira paulendo wachiwiri wachilimwe, njira zodzitetezera zitha kuganiziridwa poganizira nthawi yomwe chinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kumaliza kwanthawi yayitali (mwachitsanzo, gawo lachitukuko lomwe limatsogolera wamkulu) gawo la tizilombo, kugwira koyamba. Akuluakulu am'badwo wam'mbuyomu, komanso mabowo oyamba a m'badwo watsopano," adatero Ricciolini.
Mitengo yamafuta a azitona ku Puglia ikupitilizabe kutsika ngakhale kupanga kutsika mu 2020. Coldiretti akukhulupirira kuti boma liyenera kuchita zambiri.
Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kutumizidwa kunja ndikumwa kwa mafuta a azitona owonjezera a ku Italy omwe ali ndi malo akuchulukirachulukira pazaka zisanu.
Odzipereka ku Toscolano Maderno akuwonetsa phindu lachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha mitengo ya azitona yosiyidwa.
Ngakhale kuti mafuta ambiri a azitona amapangidwabe kuchokera kwa alimi achikhalidwe cha ku Mediterranean, mafamu atsopano akuyang'ana kwambiri minda ya zipatso yabwino kwambiri ndipo akukula mosalekeza.